1. Biological Diversity Unit
Unit Test Review

2. Variation (why is it important?)
Variation within species
Variation among species

3. Niche
Below are the pictures of a panda and a mouse. Can you explain which one is a generalist and which one is a specialist? Which one lives in a narrow niche? Which one lives in a broad niche?

4. Sample Niche Question
Which of the following sentences describes the niche of a polar bear
A) A boar (adult male) weighs around 772–1,543 lbs.
B) The polar bear is considered a vulnerable species due to their reduced numbers as a result of climate change.
C) Adult polar bears live solitary lives. Yet, they have often been seen playing together for hours at a time. 
D) The most carnivorous of the bear species, polar bears feed primarily on the fat of ice-dependent seals. The remains of these seals provide food for many other Arctic wildlife species.

5. Resource partitioning
Are these
different species of
finches competing for
food? Is their niche the
same?

6. Symbiosis Mutualism: relation good for both organisms
Commensalism: relation good for one organism but that does not affect the other organism involved
Parasitism: relation good for one organism but bad for the other one.

7. Natural Selection vs Artifical Selection
Artificial Selection

8. QUESTION: Identify the variation within species that is the most resistant to a particular disease using the following chart.
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

9. Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction

10. Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Budding SPORE PRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

11. Review Sexual Reproduction

12. Advantages and Disadvantages
Asexual
Sexual

14. Discrete Versus Continuous Variation
Height

15. Mitosis

16. DNA
DNA Base Pairings
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

17. Review Practice Quiz Patterns of Inheritance

18. Punnett Squares

19. Punnett Squares Key Words Homozygous / Purebred Heterozygous / Hybrid
Dominant
Recessive
Trait

20. Extinction and Extirpation
Extinction Extirpation
Javan Rhino now extinct in 2011 from
Vietnam, only a small population of
50 animals left in Indonesia
Thylacine: the Tasmanian Tiger, extinct since 1936 from Australia

21. Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation
**Results in a loss of biological diversity**
Natural Selection
Catastrophic Forest Fires
Lack of Food

22. Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation
**Results in a loss of biological diversity**
Overspecialization
**Occurs when an organism has a very narrow niche, where the environmental conditions never change**
Giant Panda

23. Human Causes of Extinctions and Extirpations
**Results in a loss of biological diversity**
Habitat Destruction
Logging
Pollution
Construction

24. Introduction of Non-Native Species
Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation
**Results in a loss of biological diversity**
Introduction of Non-Native Species
No Natural Predators
Example: Purple loostrife

25. Natural Causes of Extinction and Extirpation
**Results in a loss of biological diversity**
Over-Hunting
Species are hunted to deliberately extirpate them. The black-tailed prairie dogs were considered a pest in the 1930's and were hunted to reduce their numbers.

26. Selecting Desirable Traits
Artificial Selection is the process of selecting and breeding individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring with the desired traits.

27. Cloning
Example: Dolly the sheep (first mammal clone!)

28. Artificial insemination
Occurs when gametes are brought together artificially (NOT naturally).
Artificial insemination (AI) is a process by which sperm are collected from the male, processed, stored and artificially introduced into the female reproductive tract for the purpose of conception. AI has become one of the most important techniques ever devised for the genetic improvement of farm animals. It has been most widely used for breeding dairy cattle and has made bulls of high genetic merit available to all. (from engormix.com)

29. In vitro fertilization
Occurs when gametes are joined together in a petri-dish (vitro means outside of the body)

30. Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions.
Example: Tomatoes!

31. Helping Preserve Biological Diversity