1. Measuring transition from School to Labour Market
Practical session

2. OVERVIEW Step 1: Introduction
Stylized facts about school-to-work transitions
Transitions in the Mediterranean region
Types of Transition measures
Step 2: Existing survey tools and their possible adjustment
Step 3: Review of statistical tools and methods
Step 4: Identify relevant statistical abstracts and indicators
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

3. STEP 1 : STYLIZED FACTS ABOUT TRANSITION
Labour Market outcomes are heterogeneous according to the level of education, the subject of studies, the gender, the social origin (networks, access to relevant information), the geographical origin (rural/urban, regions), the type of track (general vs. vocational, school vs alternating training)
The low achievers are the most disadvantaged, being a HE graduate do not always bring a bonus
Youth employment is generally more sensitive to the business cycle than adult employment
International comparisons are useful, but not easy to do
To analyze transitions, one needs to take into account institutional ET and LM systems, and linkages between them): the transition process admits no universal definition
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

4. Youth TRANSITIOns in the mediterranean
«Youth bulge »: insufficient labour demand
A fast educational expansion…
… But skills mismatch (?)
A high percentage (40% ?) of the youth population not in employment, education or training (NEET)
Unemployment: mainly search for a first job (Egypt?) or also due to unstable position between temporary jobs?
A wide gender gap
External migration of graduates
Sources: ETF, ILO, « After the spring », Femise report
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

5. TRANSITION MEASURES
Education and training : VET, apprenticeship, second chances schools, training or retraining of unemployed
Active Labour Market policies : mutual obligation requirements, job placement services, benefit administration, and labour market programmes (see below)
Intermediation: career guidance, counselling, PES, private agencies
Employment: subsidized jobs, public works, promotion of self employment or micro enterprises creation
Integrated measures: a combination of the previous
Lack of evaluation and/or impact studies?
Exchange of good practices?
Sources: UN-ESCWA, ETF, « After the spring »
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

6. STEP 2: Existing Surveys
Labour Force surveys or Living conditions surveys
Information already available (see responses to the questionnaire)
Cohort perspective
Regional Comparability?
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

7. EXISTING SURVEYS : Additional information
End of studies: proxy or exact date
Employment history
Education: track, field of studies
Subjective questions, expectations
Social origin, networks
Module or set of questions? Periodicity? Comparability?
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

8. Step 3 : sources of information; + and -
Existing surveys (+ad hoc modules)
+ Large samples
+ Easier to implement
+ Cohort perspective
+ Comparison between young people and adults
- No employment history
- Limited additional information
+- Comparability?
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

9. Step 3 : sources of information; + and -
ILO SWTS surveys
+ Labour Force History
+ Comparability
+ Cluster Analysis
+ Individual perspective
+ Information about self-employment and enterprise creation
+ Information about mixed situations (learning and working)
+ Quality of jobs
+ Labour demand side
- Limited information outside Education and Employment situation
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

10. Step 3 : sources of information; + and -
OCEMO (future) surveys
+ Education and training, including some soft skills
+ Opinions and expectations (related to the young person’s experience)
+ Information about self-employment and enterprise creation
+ Information about Household, dwelling, living conditions
+ Comparability
+ Cluster analysis (pathways, individuals)
+ Quality of present job
- No employment history
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

11. STEP 3 : Other SOURCES
School/Education leavers surveys (targeting VET or HE graduates):
+ detailed information about subgroups, often longitudinal perspective
- very difficult to compare across countries, unless they are designed to allow it
Administrative records from Employment agencies:
+ demand for skills from employers
+ supply of skills from job seekers
- incomplete coverage: industries, geographic
- lack of incentive to register
- extensive informal employment
- extensive personal network for job search
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

12. STEP 4 : relevant INDICATORS
NEET: European example (cohort perspective)
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

13. STEP 4 : RELEVANT INDICATORS
Depend on the objectives Possible candidate : transition status (ILO: objective; Ocemo: subjective) Beginning and end of the transition process are difficult to define at the individual level Cohort indicators, even using proxy variables, may be relevant Other: Decent work, Quality of jobs, underemployment/unemployment (various definitions)
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

14. STEP 4 : Relevant Indicators
Subpopulations: Educational level Gender Geography: urban/rural, infra-national regions LM experience length : new entrants / more experienced workers Social origin Employment by industry, size of local units Groups of individuals from cluster analyses
MEDSTAT WORKSHOP, 14/03/2013

15. STEP 4 : RELEVANT INDICATORS
Context:
Child (0-14) & Youth (15-29) population
Ratio young/total population
Education and Training:
Early leavers from Ed. & Training
Low achievers (Reading, Math, Science – PISA)
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary attainment
Young having completed at least upper secondary
Employment & Entrepreneurship:
Youth unemployment rates (current, long-term)
Youth unemployment ratio (share in total population)
Self-employed youth
Youth with temporary contract (share in 20-29)