1. Chemistry 23.1

2. Introduction to Functional Groups
23.1
Introduction to Functional Groups
From a distance, the musicians in an orchestra may look alike, but each musician contributes a unique sound. In a similar way, one hydrocarbon is nearly identical to another until it picks up a functional group. You will learn how functional groups determine the character of organic compounds.

3. Functional Groups How are organic compounds classified? 23.1

4. 23.1
Functional Groups
Organic compounds can be classified according to their functional groups.
A functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.

5. 23.1
Functional Groups

6. 23.1
Functional Groups
The hydrocarbon skeletons in the components of these products are chemically similar. Functional groups give each product unique properties and uses.
Many consumer products contain hydrocarbon derivatives. The hydrocarbon skeletons in these products are chemically similar. Functional groups give each product unique properties and uses.

7. 23.1
Halogen Substituents
Halogen Substituents
What is a halocarbon?

8. 23.1
Halogen Substituents
A halocarbon is a carbon-containing compound with a halogen substituent.
Halocarbons are a class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

9. 23.1
Halogen Substituents
On the basis of their common names, halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an aliphatic chain are called alkyl halides.
Halocarbons in which a halogen is attached to a carbon of an arene ring are called aryl halides.

10. 23.1
Halogen Substituents
The figure below shows the IUPAC names, structural formulas, and space-filling models for three simple hydrocarbons.
Structural formulas and space-filling models of halocarbons. a) The common name for chloromethane is methyl chloride. b) The common name for chloroethene is vinyl chloride. c) The common name for chlorobenzene is phenyl chloride.

11. 23.1
Halogen Substituents

12. 23.1
Halogen Substituents

13. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
Substitution Reactions
How may halocarbons be prepared?

14. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
A common type of organic reaction is a substitution reaction, in which an atom, or a group of atoms, replaces another atom or group of atoms.
A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkane to produce a halocarbon.

15. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
A Generalized Equation and a Specific One

16. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
Treating benzene with a halogen in the presence of a catalyst causes the substitution of a hydrogen atom in the ring.

17. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
Halogens on carbon chains are readily displaced by hydroxide ions to produce an alcohol and a salt. The general reaction is as follows.

18. Substitution Reactions
23.1
Substitution Reactions
Halocarbons also undergo substitution reactions.

19. 23.1 Section Quiz.
23.1.

20. 23.1 Section Quiz.
1. Organic molecules are classified according to their
functional groups.
longest chain.
derivatives.
number of rings.

21. 23.1 Section Quiz
2. What is the correct IUPAC name for the compound CH2BrCH2CH2Br?
methylbromoethylbromide
dibromopropane
1,3-dibromopropane
propyl-1,3-dibromide

22. 23.1 Section Quiz
3. Which reaction will produce a halocarbon?
hydrogenation of an alkyl halide
substitution reaction of a halogen with an alkane
reaction of potassium hydroxide with an aryl halide
reaction of sodium hydroxide with an alkyl halide

23. 23.1 Section Quiz
4. In a substitution reaction, one of the products formed when CH3CH2Br and OH- ions react is
CH3CHBrOH.
CH3CH2OH.
CH3CHBr.
CH3CHO.

24. END OF SHOW