1. THE BRITISH RAJ IN INDIA
Chapter # 3

2. BRITISH take the rule of SINDH and PUNJAB:

3. Rule of RANJIT SINGH:
Sikh leader Ranjit Singh ( ) was known as (Sher-i-Punjab) LION OF THE PUNJAB
He was the founder of the Sikh Empire.
He was the governor of Lahore (important trading city of Punjab) and he was trading salt, grain and textiles from Kashmir.
Ranjit Singh's reign introduced reforms, modernization, investment into infrastructure of army and general prosperity.
His Army and government included Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and Europeans.
He fought several wars and was proclaimed as the "Maharaja of Punjab“
His legacy includes a period of Sikh cultural and artistic renaissance, particularly with the rebuilding of the Harimandir Sahib (the Golden temple) in Amritsar.
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and declined in its ability to tax or govern most of South Asia. In the north-western region, particularly Panjab, the creation of the Khalsa community of Sikh warriors by Guru Gobind Singh faster the decline and division of the Mughal power. The Sikhs had appointed their own zamindars, replacing the previous Muslim revenue collectors, which provided resources to feed and strengthen the warriors aligned to Sikh interests

4. The golden temple in Amritsar.
The throne use by Ranjit Singh.

5. British marched to Punjab:
British sent Lord Minto(British governor)
He marched to Punjab in 1809.
Ranjit Singh signed ‘Treaty of Amritsar’
Treaty stated that Sikhs will only rule till river Sutlej.
Singh started modernizing his army according to the British ways,
Hired French and Italian army personnel and built a French house at Anarkali, Lahore.
Built 80,000 men and 500 guns.
Singh started expanding his rule.
To Multan.
Pathan’s rule was in Peshawar and Kashmir.
Muslim started a reform movement of JIHAD against Punjab Sikhs led by Sayyid Ahmad Brelvi.

6. Why did Syed Ahmed Brelvi conduct a Jihad against Sikhs in the early nineteenth century?

7. Freedom is the right of every human being particularly from cruel and oppressive rulers.
Muslims farmers were leading oppressed lives under the exploitation of Hindu landlords and tax collectors.
They were humiliated and ill-treated.
Their properties, lives and dignity were not safe from the hands of Hindus and Sikhs.
Syed Ahmed Brelvi wanted to restore their pride, respect and living conditions.
That is why he started Jihad to win freedom for the Muslims so that they could lead lives according to their own wishes. 
In the Sikh regime under Ranjit Singh in Punjab, Muslims had restrictions in practicing their faith - even the call to prayers was banned in some places. This was not tolerable! Muslim culture, values and religion were in danger.
Syed Ahmed believed that an independent state was necessary for having religious liberty. Therefore, he started armed struggle (Jihad) to get rid of the Sikh rulers.
He, revived the desire of Jihad in the Muslims of India, made an army of volunteers and gave them military training.
He died while fighting with the Sikhs in Balakot.

8. From Sindh to Afghanistan:
British began to fear with the idea that Emir Dost Mohammed Khan of Afghanistan was conspiring with Russia 
Governor-general Lord Auckland was sent to stop them and launched the First Anglo-Afghan War to replace him with the obedient Shah Shuja Durrani. British marched to Afghanistan with their army called the Army of the Indus.
British marched through Sindh and Baluchistan to the Bolan Pass.
Elphinstone was elderly, weak, and unwell, and proved himself utterly incompetent for the post. His entire command was massacred during the British retreat from Kabul during January 1842
British reached Kabul and shah Shuja took the throne.
Shah Shuja become unpopular and there were continuous attacks by tribesman.
January 1842, British soldiers died because of the cold and attacks by tribesmen, only survivor was Dr. William Brydon who reached at Jalalabad and 100 sepoys at the following night.
British were completely humiliated.
Lord Auckland was ordered back to London where he had a mental breakdown.
Shuja promptly confirmed his reputation for cruelty by seeking to wreck vengeance all who had crossed him as he considered his own people to be "dogs" who needed to be taught to obey their master

9. What happened to Shah Shuja after British retreat from Afghanistan?

10. British troops returned India it was clear that Shuja's rule could only be maintained with the presence of a stronger British force.
The Afghans disliked the British presence and the rule of Shah Shuja.
After the retreat of British shah Shuja was murdered in Kabul and dost Muhammad regained the throne.

11. Sindh comes under British rule
After the disastrous Afghan war was ended.
British wanted to get control of Sindh and the Punjab to save their reputation.
They Occupied Karachi and in 1843 forced the Amirs to sign the treaty giving the British power.
The Amirs rebelled and Sir Charles Napier led forces and defeated them in battle near Hyderabad.
Napier was made governor of Sindh and he made new reforms.
Napier mailed to his superiors the short, notable message, "Peccavi", the Latin for "I have sinned" (which was meant I have Sindh)

12. British take the Punjab:
Although the leaders and principal units of the army were Sikhs, there were also Punjabi, Pakhtun and Kashmiri infantry units. The weapons consisted mainly of units of heavy guns, which had been organised and trained by European armed force.
British take the Punjab:
Ranjit Singh died in 1839, members of his family took control but had difficulty in keeping control.
In1844 British lined up cannons in the banks of river Sutlej.
Sikh army broke the Treaty of Amritsar and crossed the river. The start of 1st sikh war.
3 months later British had control in Lahore, Punjab and Kashmir.
The Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, purchased Kashmir from the East India Company for a payment of 8 million rupees and was granted the title Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir.
Many reforms were made by him.
He wanted to ‘civilize’ the Indian nation
He took personal interest in the administration, solving problems and making new social reforms.
Built many buildings, schools.
Treated equally people of different religion.
Year later lord Dalhousie became a governor general.
Sikh were uprising in Multan which resulted in 2nd Sikh war.
British defeated Sikhs in Gujrat and signed the treaty of Lahore with Sikhs.
Dalip Singh was allowed to rule but British capture Koh-I-Noor diamond.
It was presented to the queen Victoria in Buckingham palace.