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The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

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Presentation on theme: "The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur
14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur

2 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges
The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan The Mongol Drive to the West The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History

3 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges

4 The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan
Mongol Culture Nomadic pastoralists Goats, sheep Tribe Divided into clans Temporary confederations Leaders elected

5 The Transcontinental Empire of Chinggis Khan

6 The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan
Kabul Khan 1100s, defeats Qin forces Grandson, Temujin Chinggis Khan Born Temujin Develops alliances among Mongols 1206, elected khagan (supreme ruler)

7 Building the Mongol War Machine
Mounted warriors Tumens,10,000 troops Messenger force Adopted gunpowder, cannons

8 Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan
1207, expedition China Xi-Xia, Tangut king defeated

9 First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China
Kara Khitai defeated Mongolian Khwarazm, Muhammad Shah II defeated Return to China Xi-Xia kingdom and Qin Empire destroyed 1227, death of Chinggis Khan Empire from Persia to North China Sea

10 Life Under the Mongol Imperium
Harsh, tolerant Chinggis Khan Capital at Karakorum Shamanistic Tolerated other religions New administration Commerce thrives

11 The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire
1227, division of empire Three sons, one grandson Ogedei, third son Elected great khan

12 The Four Khanates of the Divided Monghol Empire

13 The Mongol Drive to the West
Golden Horde Khan's tent Russia in the 1200s Many kingdoms Mongols (Tartars) invade

14 The Mongol Drive to the West
Batu, grandson of Chinggis Khan 1236, begins conquest of Russia 1240, Kiev taken and sacked Novgorod spared

15 The Mongol Empire and the Global Exchange Network

16 Russia in Bondage Russians in vassalage to Golden Horde
Commerce benefits Moscow thrives Metropolitan head of Orthodox church Leads Russian resistance to Mongol Kulikova, 1380 Golden Horde defeated

17 Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe
Hungary, 1240 Death of Ogedei Batu retreats

18 The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartlands
Hulegu Grandson of Chinggis Khan Ilkhan West to Mesopotamia, north Africa 1258, Baghdad sacked 1260, stopped by Baibars Egyptian Mamluks

19 The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
Ogedei renews attack on China Kubilai Khan Grandson of Chinggis Khan Attacks Song 1271, transformation to Yuan dynasty Capital at Tatu (Beijing)

20 Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture
Mongol women retain liberties Chabi, wife of Kubilai, influential

21 Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence
Mongol patronage Attracts scholars, artists Religious toleration Buddhists, Nestorians, Latin Christians, Daoists, Muslims Marco Polo Visits court

22 Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance
Ethnic Chinese resist Especially scholar-gentry Kubilai Protects peasant lands Famine relief Tax, labor burden lessened

23 The Fall of the House of Yuan
Death of Kubilai Dynasty already weakened Song revolt 1274, 1280, Japan attacked Failure By 1350s, territory lost Ju Yanzhang Founds Ming dynasty

24 Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur
Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane) Turkish Base at Samarkand 1360s, conquests Persia, Fertile Crescent, India, Russia

25 The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History
1405, death Empire dissolves End of steppe nomad conquests

26 Global Connections: The Mongol Linkages
Legacy of the Mongol imperium Negative consequences New military technology, skills Trade Much greater exchange Traders grow in wealth and sometimes status China opened to western influence Plague?


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