1. A Bottom-Up Approach to Automating Web Service Discovery, Customization, and Semantic Translation Dan Mandell and Sheila McIlraith Knowledge Systems Lab Stanford University ESSW 2003

2. Overview Bottom-Up approach Bottom-Up approach Motivating example Motivating example BPEL4WS and automated Web service execution BPEL4WS and automated Web service execution The Semantic Discovery Service (SDS) and automated Web service discovery, customization, and semantic translation The Semantic Discovery Service (SDS) and automated Web service discovery, customization, and semantic translation Summary: contributions, future directions Summary: contributions, future directions

3. A Bottom-Up Approach Web services long-term goal: seamless interoperation between programs and devices Web services long-term goal: seamless interoperation between programs and devices Industry provides standards, computing infrastructure, and recently choreography models akin to work in process modeling Industry provides standards, computing infrastructure, and recently choreography models akin to work in process modeling These include WSCI, BPML, XLANG, WSFL, WSCL, WSFL, WSCL, BPSS, now BPEL4WS These include WSCI, BPML, XLANG, WSFL, WSCL, WSFL, WSCL, BPSS, now BPEL4WS Still far from seamless interoperation Still far from seamless interoperation

4. A Bottom-Up Approach In parallel, Semantic Web community has developed languages and computing machinery for authoring and reasoning about unambiguous, machine interpretable Web content In parallel, Semantic Web community has developed languages and computing machinery for authoring and reasoning about unambiguous, machine interpretable Web content Efforts are based on AI technology, and include RDF, RDF(S), DAML+OIL, DAML-S, and OWL Efforts are based on AI technology, and include RDF, RDF(S), DAML+OIL, DAML-S, and OWL Though powerful, these efforts remain largely disconnected from industrial standards and infrastructure Though powerful, these efforts remain largely disconnected from industrial standards and infrastructure

5. A Bottom-Up Approach We argue that: We argue that: Web Services must embrace representation and reasoning ideas from Semantic Web community Web Services must embrace representation and reasoning ideas from Semantic Web community Must also recognize evolutionary influence of industry standards and machinery on Semantic Web services Must also recognize evolutionary influence of industry standards and machinery on Semantic Web services From this viewpoint, we build on BPEL4WS From this viewpoint, we build on BPEL4WS A leading process modeling framework A leading process modeling framework Co-authored by IBM, Microsoft, BEA, SAP, Siebel Co-authored by IBM, Microsoft, BEA, SAP, Siebel Merges ideas from XLANG and WSFL Merges ideas from XLANG and WSFL Integrate Semantic Web technology to enable automated service discovery, customization, and semantic translation Integrate Semantic Web technology to enable automated service discovery, customization, and semantic translation

6. A Motivating Example Consider integrating services to provide a loan finding service: Consider integrating services to provide a loan finding service: Possible scenario: Possible scenario: User sends loan request to loan finding service User sends loan request to loan finding service Loan finder distributes work among 2 partners Loan finder distributes work among 2 partners Credit Assessor ServiceCredit Assessor Service Consumes users personal info Consumes users personal info Produces a credit report Produces a credit report Loan Lender ServiceLoan Lender Service Consumes a credit report and a loan request Consumes a credit report and a loan request Produces a rejection or a loan offer and its terms Produces a rejection or a loan offer and its terms Loan finder invokes credit assessor for a credit report, passes report to lender service, receives result and returns it to the user Loan finder invokes credit assessor for a credit report, passes report to lender service, receives result and returns it to the user

7. A Motivating Example Possible scenario: Possible scenario:

8. A Motivating Example Questions: Questions: How are the service partners How are the service partners Selected?Selected? Ordered?Ordered? Invoked?Invoked? Integrated?Integrated?

9. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution BPEL4WS BPEL4WS A BPEL4WS document A BPEL4WS document Provides notation for describing WS interactions as business processes, following in tradition of workflow modelingProvides notation for describing WS interactions as business processes, following in tradition of workflow modeling Integrates services by treating them as partners that fill roles in a process modelIntegrates services by treating them as partners that fill roles in a process model Directs workflow using traditional control constructs: if, then, else, while-loopDirects workflow using traditional control constructs: if, then, else, while-loop Communication level params (e.g. service partner bindings) are described in accompanying WSDL docs Communication level params (e.g. service partner bindings) are described in accompanying WSDL docs

10. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution BPWS4J BPWS4J Engine released by IBM alongside BPEL4WS Engine released by IBM alongside BPEL4WS Implements subset of features defined in BPEL4WS Implements subset of features defined in BPEL4WS Consumes a BPEL4WS doc along with accompanying WSDL docs defining service partner bindings to physical ports Consumes a BPEL4WS doc along with accompanying WSDL docs defining service partner bindings to physical ports Establishes a single endpoint for accessing BPEL4WS process as a Web service Establishes a single endpoint for accessing BPEL4WS process as a Web service

11. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution BPEL4WS and the loan example BPEL4WS and the loan example A service provider writes a BPEL4WS doc describing the loan finding process model -- a program that orchestrates interaction of the service partners A service provider writes a BPEL4WS doc describing the loan finding process model -- a program that orchestrates interaction of the service partners BPEL4WS allows service partners to be unbound to physical ports until runtime through dynamic assignment of Service References BPEL4WS allows service partners to be unbound to physical ports until runtime through dynamic assignment of Service References Current implementation of BPWS4J does not implement Service Reference assignment, so author selects service partners at design time Current implementation of BPWS4J does not implement Service Reference assignment, so author selects service partners at design time

12. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Limitations in BPWS4J Limitations in BPWS4J Service provider assigns partners a prioriService provider assigns partners a priori System cannot customize partner selection for each user. Suboptimal partners may be selected becauseSystem cannot customize partner selection for each user. Suboptimal partners may be selected because Service provider may lack full list of potential partners at design time Service provider may lack full list of potential partners at design time Difficult to find single solution that generalizes for all users Difficult to find single solution that generalizes for all users Loan finder example: user may wish to use in-state lender to benefit from in-state tax incentivesLoan finder example: user may wish to use in-state lender to benefit from in-state tax incentives If service provider defines lending partner prior to receiving users request, the preference is ignoredIf service provider defines lending partner prior to receiving users request, the preference is ignored

13. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Limitations in BPWS4J Limitations in BPWS4J Manually discovering, selecting and integrating the service partners means significant responsibilty and maintenance time demands for the service providerManually discovering, selecting and integrating the service partners means significant responsibilty and maintenance time demands for the service provider

14. BPEL4WS - Automated Service Execution Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Critical analysis of BPEL4WS automation: Limitations in BPEL4WS Limitations in BPEL4WS Relies on expressivity of XML / XML SchemaRelies on expressivity of XML / XML Schema Interface-oriented: insufficient for automating many tasks.Interface-oriented: insufficient for automating many tasks. E.g., credit assessor for an ex-UK resident provides UKCreditReports, while lending service comsumes USCreditReports. Even if differ only in representation of dates, failing to recognize their semantic compatibility leaves a potentially successful integration unrealizedE.g., credit assessor for an ex-UK resident provides UKCreditReports, while lending service comsumes USCreditReports. Even if differ only in representation of dates, failing to recognize their semantic compatibility leaves a potentially successful integration unrealized Need service-oriented descriptions of service form and function in an well-defined ontology languageNeed service-oriented descriptions of service form and function in an well-defined ontology language

15. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS To alleviate shortcomings in BPEL4WS / BPWS4J, introduce a Semantic Discovery Service (SDS) to enable To alleviate shortcomings in BPEL4WS / BPWS4J, introduce a Semantic Discovery Service (SDS) to enable automated service discovery automated service discovery automated service customization automated service customization automated semantic translation automated semantic translation Use Semantic Web technologies to enable description of services in computer interpretable format and discovery of services with desirable properties Use Semantic Web technologies to enable description of services in computer interpretable format and discovery of services with desirable properties

16. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Supporting technologies Supporting technologies DAML-S: A well-defined ontology based on DAML+OIL, used to describe services DAML-S: A well-defined ontology based on DAML+OIL, used to describe services DAML Query Language (DQL): Language and protocol used for querying repositories of DAML-S service profiles. DQL server interfaces with automated reasoner operating over knowledge base (KB) of DAML-S profiles DAML Query Language (DQL): Language and protocol used for querying repositories of DAML-S service profiles. DQL server interfaces with automated reasoner operating over knowledge base (KB) of DAML-S profiles Java Theorem Prover (JTP): Hybrid reasoning system based on FOL model elimination. Use as DQL servers automated reasoner Java Theorem Prover (JTP): Hybrid reasoning system based on FOL model elimination. Use as DQL servers automated reasoner

17. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Form and function of the SDS Form and function of the SDS Sits between a BPWS4J process and potential service partners Sits between a BPWS4J process and potential service partners Locates appropriate partners, acts as dynamic proxy between them and BPWS4J Locates appropriate partners, acts as dynamic proxy between them and BPWS4J

18. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS The SDS is portable between BPWS4J actions and processes because it is: The SDS is portable between BPWS4J actions and processes because it is: Agnostic as to the content of the service descriptions and invocation messages it receives Agnostic as to the content of the service descriptions and invocation messages it receives Stateless, with no knowledge of prior interactions or service-specific properties Stateless, with no knowledge of prior interactions or service-specific properties The SDS enables automated service customization and semantic translation The SDS enables automated service customization and semantic translation

19. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Automated service customization Automated service customization When SDS receives invocation request from BPWS4J, discovers a service partner meeting user and functional constraints as follows When SDS receives invocation request from BPWS4J, discovers a service partner meeting user and functional constraints as follows 1.DAML-S functional and user-supplied restrictions are wrapped into a DQL query and sent to the DQL server 2.Server invokes JTP reasoner to compute set of matching DAML-S profiles in the KB 3.SDS selects partner from DQL answer bundles and invokes it with the request parameters 4.Partner executes, responds to SDS, forwarded to BPWS4J 5.BPWS4J recovers flow control, continues executing process, invokes SDS when customized Web service invocation needed

20. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Interaction flow between BPWS4J, SDS, DQL server, and discovered service partners

21. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Automated semantic translation Automated semantic translation In the Web services context, semantic translation means redefining well-defined data types in terms of their relationships to each other via translational axioms In the Web services context, semantic translation means redefining well-defined data types in terms of their relationships to each other via translational axioms Enables integration of service partners operating on messages that differ syntactically but are semantically translatable Enables integration of service partners operating on messages that differ syntactically but are semantically translatable

22. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS Automated semantic translation Automated semantic translation SDS provides automated semantic translation for Web service discovery SDS provides automated semantic translation for Web service discovery Uses a back-chaining algorithm to find sequence of service invocations, or service chain, which consumes the input supplied by BPWS4J and produces the output desired by BPWS4J Uses a back-chaining algorithm to find sequence of service invocations, or service chain, which consumes the input supplied by BPWS4J and produces the output desired by BPWS4J Uses translational axioms encoded as Web services to integrate partner inputs and outputs Uses translational axioms encoded as Web services to integrate partner inputs and outputs

23. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS SDS and the loan example SDS and the loan example Recall ex-UK resident seeking a loan from an in-state lender Recall ex-UK resident seeking a loan from an in-state lender BPWS4J could not satisfy request given the constraints BPWS4J could not satisfy request given the constraints Credit assessor produces UKCreditReport, lender consumes USCreditReportCredit assessor produces UKCreditReport, lender consumes USCreditReport UKCreditReport represents dates as MM/DD/YYYY, US version uses DD/MM/YYYYUKCreditReport represents dates as MM/DD/YYYY, US version uses DD/MM/YYYY

24. Automated, Customized, Service Discovery with SDS SDS and the loan example SDS and the loan example With SDS, the request is satisfiable With SDS, the request is satisfiable Automated service customization: include DAML-S restriction that lender partner be physically located in the users state in request messageAutomated service customization: include DAML-S restriction that lender partner be physically located in the users state in request message Automated semantic translation: back-chaining algorithm inserts a DateTranslator translational axiom:Automated semantic translation: back-chaining algorithm inserts a DateTranslator translational axiom: DateTranslator translates between UKCreditReport and USCreditReport DateTranslator translates between UKCreditReport and USCreditReport Forms service chain (Assessor -> DateTranslator -> Lender) which can successfully complete request Forms service chain (Assessor -> DateTranslator -> Lender) which can successfully complete request

25. Summary Seamless interoperability is critical for Web services to provide an infrastructure for ubiquitous computing Seamless interoperability is critical for Web services to provide an infrastructure for ubiquitous computing Towards this goal, the bottom-up approach brings Semantic Web technology to industrial standards and computing machinery Towards this goal, the bottom-up approach brings Semantic Web technology to industrial standards and computing machinery

26. Summary By integrating the SDS with BPEL4WS, the industrial system gained the following abilities: By integrating the SDS with BPEL4WS, the industrial system gained the following abilities: Automatic, runtime binding of service partners Automatic, runtime binding of service partners Selection between multiple service partners based on user-defined constraints Selection between multiple service partners based on user-defined constraints Integration of service partners with syntactically distinct but semantically translatable service descriptions Integration of service partners with syntactically distinct but semantically translatable service descriptions

27. Summary To work towards seamless interoperation, it is critical that: To work towards seamless interoperation, it is critical that: Web service providers publish descriptions of Web service form and function in a well- defined ontology language like DAML-S Web service providers publish descriptions of Web service form and function in a well- defined ontology language like DAML-S Web service interoperation frameworks embed semantic technology into their systems and specificaitons that is capable of reasoning about such descriptions Web service interoperation frameworks embed semantic technology into their systems and specificaitons that is capable of reasoning about such descriptions