1. Urbanisation in Jakarta
REVISED_Geo_Y08_U2_SS_UrbanisationJakarta

2. Jakarta Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia.
Jakarta had a population of just over 10 million in 2013.
It is ranked the 13th-largest city in the world.
Brisbane

3. Jabodetabek
‘Jabodetabek’ is the name given to the urban region surrounding Jakarta.
Jabodetabek is an agglomeration: an extended urban area consisting of the built-up area of a central place and any surrounding areas linked by continuous urban area.
Jabodetabek comprises Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi, hence the acronym.
The population of this agglomeration is approximately 28 million people.

4. Map of Jabodetabek
Indonesia is the world’s third most populous democracy and lies to the northwest of Australia.
Indonesia has a level of urbanisation of 52 per cent of the total population (2013) and an annual rate of urbanisation change of 2.45 per cent.
The prediction for Indonesia's level of urbanisation in 2015 is that it will reach 56 per cent.

5. Causes of urbanisation: population growth in Jakarta, 1870-2010
Year
Population
1870
65,000
1950
1,733,600
1880
102,900
1961
2,906,533
1890
105,100
1971
4,546,492
1901
115,900
1980
6,503,449
1918
234,700
1990
8,259,639
1928
311,000
2000
8,384,853
1940
533,000
2010
9,588,198
Note the considerable population growth in the first half of the 20th century.

6. Jakarta’s population increase since 1950
Use the graph to describe the pattern of Jakarta’s population growth from 1950.

7. World population growth
Jakarta’s urbanisation has coincided with global population growth.
This has also been a worldwide trend, with increasing urbanisation after the 1950s.

8. Causes of urbanisation: push and pull factors in Jakarta
People believe or perceive that they will achieve a better life.
Push factors Rural areas have:
unemployment/lack of opportunity/lower wages
poorer living standards
poorer infrastructure/ healthcare and education services
Pull factors Urban areas offer:
employment/work opportunities/higher potential wages
better working conditions and higher standard of living
better infrastructure and services, including healthcare and education
poverty
opportunities to break the cycle of poverty

9. Pull factors: the attractions of urban environments
Cities offer employment opportunities because there are more people to sell to.
Opportunities to obtain a better life: cities are seen to offer better working conditions and a higher standard of living.

10. Pull factors: the attractions of urban environments
Infrastructure and services are better and more readily available.

11. Employment data by industry: Jakarta district
Type of work
Number of people
wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels
1,642,120
community and social services
1,196,758
manufacturing
690,816
finance, insurance and real estate
440,825
transport and communication
393,284
construction
163,033
agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
30,404
electricity, gas and water
15,894
mining and quarrying
15,284

12. Employment data by industry: Jakarta district

13. Push factors: reasons for movement away from rural areas
Unemployment
Lower wages
Fewer education opportunities
Reduced access to healthcare
Poorer living standards
Poorer infrastructure
Poverty

14. Consequences of urbanisation in Jakarta: rural decline
Indonesia’s rapid urbanisation has seen many smaller rural villages and towns swallowed up and assimilated into larger urban areas.

15. Consequences of urbanisation in Jakarta: housing shortages
Because Jakarta is so crowded, there is a housing crisis. Jakarta’s poor often have to live in slums or even rubbish tips.

16. Consequences of urbanisation in Jakarta: poor waste management and sanitation
Jakarta is so large that it generates a lot of rubbish.
The government struggles to provide adequate sanitation and rubbish services to deal with this waste.
Consequently, rubbish is either burned or disposed of in waterways.

17. Consequences of urbanisation in Jakarta: traffic congestion
Traffic congestion and pollution are a way of life in Jakarta.
At peak hours, it is often faster to walk than to drive.

18. Consequences of urbanisation in Jakarta: social and economic divide
Wealthier people can afford to live in high-rise apartments or detached houses.
Newer estates have been built on the outer edges of Jakarta, where the air quality is better.
These communities are planned and are close to retail services and recreational facilities.

19. Attributions
Background: Sanko, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta CC BY-SA Slide 1: Jakarta skyline Slide 2: Data sourced from: World population review, Jakarta population cities/jakarta-population/ [Accessed 29/09/2014] Slide 4: Data sourced from: World Bank, Urban population (%of total) [Accessed 29/09/2014] Data sourced from: CIA World Factbook, East and Southeast Asia: Indonesia [Accessed 29/09/2014] Data sourced from: Rizkiya, P, Contemporary urban setting in Jakarta and Indonesia. [Accessed 29/09/2014] Slides 5, 6: Data sourced from: Asia Education Foundation, Activity 1: Indonesia and its mega-city Jakarta city_jakarta.html [Accessed 19/09/2014] Slide 6: Data sourced from: Table A11. The 30 largest urban agglomerations ranked by population size in United Nations Population Division (UNPop), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision, [Accessed 19/09/2014] Slide 7: Data sourced from: United States Census Bureau, International database [Accessed 19/09/2014]

20. Attributions
Slide 8:
Pushing
Water ski
Slides 9 & 10 : Courtesy of: Kimber, S. and L. Used with permission.
Slide 11 & 12: Data sourced from: Statistical Year Book of Indonesia:Table 3.2.4, pp [Accessed 29/09/2014]
Slide 14: McIntosh, J., Mall culture Jakarta 11 CC BY 2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
Slide 15:
McIntosh, J, Jakarta slumlife 15 CC BY 2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
Hariadhi, Jakarta slum CC BY-SA 3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Slide 16:
McIntosh, J., Jakarta slumlife 59, CC BY 2.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en
Slide 17:
Serenity, Traffic jam in Sudirman Street, Jakarta CC BY-SA 2.5 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/deed
Serenity Gridlock in Kuningan, Jakarta CC BY-SA 3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Slide 18:
House - Courtesy of: Kimber, S. and L. Used with permission.
Prayudi Setiadharma, Jakarta Wisma Nusantara
CC BY-SA 3.0 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en;