1. To Kill a Mockingbird
Scottsboro Trial

2. Social and Economic Climate of the 1930s
Wall Street Crash (October 1929)
People invested in shares
Prices increased
Companies bogus

3. Social and Economic Climate of the 1930s
The Rise of Unemployment
The Effect of the Wall Street Crash
People saved money
Withdrew money from banks
Banks collapsed
Companies went bankrupt
Result
Loss of jobs, homes, businesses, and land
As a result, men and women began riding the rails to find food and work. Rivalry between blacks and whites became worse – competing for jobs and food.

4. Scottsboro Case Two Huntsville Mill Girls Hobo to Chattanooga
Victoria Price
21 years old
Known prostitute
Employed at Margaret spinning mill
Ruby Bates
17 years old
Quiet and well behaved
Wages were always low and hours long in all Huntsville Mills. Working conditions were especially bad in Margaret Mills. Respectable citizens of Huntsville said that only the lowest type of mill worker would take a job in the Margaret and Helen Mills. Mills were cutting back their hours – The Margaret had its workers on shifts employed only every other week, from two to four days a week.

5. Scottsboro Case The Alleged Rape According to Price’s testimony:
African-American men forced white men off train
Six men raped Price and Bates
The Defendants
Along with the two girls were several black and white men. A fight broke out between the men, all white men but one were thrown off the train. The white men who were thrown off informed the station master that the black men and two white girls were on the freight – master telegraphed ahead to have the train stopped. The train was stopped in Paint Rock, Alabama.

6. Accused
Haywood Patterson; sentenced to 75 years in prison
Charles Weems; sentenced to 75 years in prison
Ozie Powell; dropped rape charges and plead guilty to assault on an officer
Andy Wright; sentenced to 99 years in prison
Olen Montgomery; charges dropped
Eugene Williams, charges dropped
Willie Roberson; charges dropped
Clarence Norris; sentenced to death
Roy Wright, 13 years old; charges dropped

7. Scottsboro Case A Lynching Spirit Outside the Courtroom
Officials maintain a peaceful crowd
Due to concerns of a lynch mob, Governor Miller ordered the National Guard to protect the suspects
Armed soldiers on guard inside and outside the courtroom
An estimated 8,000 to 10,000 people gather outside the courthouse
Outside the Courtroom
One women said if they have another trial, she would like them to leave the soldiers home because the people could finish off the “black fiends” and save the bother of a second trial.

8. Scottsboro Case
Political Cartoon

9. Scottsboro Case The Trial April 6, 1931 – April 9, 1931 Witnesses
Price and Bates
One white man (collaborated)
Nine African-American men
Acquaintance of women (did not collaborate)
Physician
Eight of nine men sentenced to death
Six were identified by Price
A guard said, “If those six had Miss Price, it stand to reason that the others had Miss Bates.”
The physicians testified that neither of the girls showed signs of any rough handling on their bodies.
Mistrial declared for ninth because of his youth.
Executions suspended because of pending court appeals.

10. Scottsboro Case Trial Continues
November 7, 1932 United States Supreme Court orders new trial
March 27, 1933 the new trial begins
Famous New York defense attorney Samuel S. Leibowitz
Two physicians refute that multiple rapes occurred
Prosecution’ eyewitness farmer claimed he saw the blacks grab Price and Bates.
On cross, Liebowitz asked how he could be sure given the distance and the speed of the train. The farmer said they were wearing women’s clothes, but Bates and Price were wearing overalls.
Ruby Bates openly denies rapes occurred
April 9, 1933 first defendant found guilty
Judge James Horton overturns conviction
April 1, 1935 United States Supreme Court reversed all convictions
New trials ordered – the defendants did not have adequate legal representation.
Horton overturned verdict on the grounds that the evidence presented did not warrant conviction
Later in nd defendant found guilty – execution delayed pending appeal
Convictions reversed on grounds that qualified African-Americans had been systematically excluded from all juries in Alabama
None of the men are executed; however, a number remained on death row for many years. The case was not settled until 1976 with the pardon of the last of the Scottsboro defendants.

11. In the 1930’s Alabama jurors were not willing to accord a black charged with raping a white woman the usual presumption of innocence. Because of indifferent jurors and career-motivated prosecutors, the self-serving and groundless accusations of a single woman were allowed to change forever the lives of nine black teenagers who found themselves in the wrong place at the wrong time

12. Parallels Between Scottsboro and Tom Robinson Trials
Scottsboro Trial
Tom Robinson’s Trial
1930s
Northern Alabama
Southern Alabama
Rape charge by white women against African-American men
Rape charge by a white woman against an African-American man
Poor white status of accusers a critical issue
Poor white status of Mayella a critical issue
Central figure is a heroic judge
Central figure is Atticus, who defends an African-American man
Judge goes against public sentiment
Atticus arouses anger in community defending Robinson
Jury ignores evidence

13. To Kill a Mockingbird Historical Background Quiz
Directions:
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Complete the To Kill a Mockingbird Background Quiz (click here to begin >>)