1. Introduction to Transcendentalism

2. What is Transcendentalism?
Is a spiritual belief system
Was a philosophical movement
Was a literary movement
Began in the 1830s in Concord, Massachusetts
Is considered the first truly “American” philosophical and literary movement

3. The Basic Premises of Transcendentalism
Individual is the spiritual center of the universe
Within each individual lie the clues to nature and history
All knowledge begins with self-knowledge.
Nature is a living mystery full of signs
Nature is symbolic and spiritual
One must have faith in intuition
No formal institution can communicate truth.

4. Three Categories
We will focus on and study Transcendentalist principles that fall in three categories:
To Thine Own Self Be True
Au Natural
“Fight” for Your Rights

5. To Thine Own Self Be True…
Text: “Self-Reliance”
Author: Ralph Waldo Emerson
Philosopher, poet, preacher, and essayist
Known for his use of aphorisms in his writing

6. To Thine Own Self Be True: “Self-Reliance” Principles
Determine Truth for Yourself- Only accept those traditions which appear to be true; reject the rest.
Know Thyself- Become a person of principle and then live by those principles, even if the majority of society doesn’t agree.
Be Yourself- Exercise the self-discipline necessary to study oneself in relation to nature.

7. Au Natural Text: “Walden” Author: Henry David Thoreau
Essayist & teacher
He lived in isolation on Walden Pond for two years to learn from Nature…

8. Au Natural: “Walden” Principles
God as Nature- God is in man and in all living things.
Contemplation of Divine Nature and Nature- It is best to live as close to nature as possible, for there a person can most successfully contemplate his/her reason for being.
Time and Personal Growth- Work (for money) only enough to fulfill basic needs. Dedicate the rest of your time to personal growth.
Physical and Mental Work- People should be both physically and intellectually active throughout life.

9. “Fight” For Your Rights…
Text: “Civil Disobedience”
Author: Henry David Thoreau
Wrote this essay while in jail for refusing to pay taxes that funded a war that he didn’t believe in.

10. “Fight” For Your Rights: “Civil Disobedience” Principles
Less Government is Best- Have to courage to practice some form of non-violent protest if a law violates your principles, even if you must suffer the consequences.
Four Tenants of Civil Disobedience-
You must know the law
You must appeal to a higher law (morality, God…)
You must know the consequences for violating the law
You must choose to suffer the consequences