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Carl Rogers
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Carl Rogers “. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world took place. .”
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Subjective Experiences
Inner reality more important than objective reality Inner experiences Conscious experiences Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined Unconscious experiences Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined
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Self-Actualizing Tendency
Innate motive toward fulfillment of our potentials “Innate goodness”
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So why do people do bad things?
Infants perceive their experiences as reality
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Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
All behavior directed toward satisfying need for SA Organismic Valuing Process SA is the criterion used to make judgments of worth
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Start to experience a need for positive regard
As we get older Start to experience a need for positive regard Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this need
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True self
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Social self Created through contact with others True self
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Social self Prevents us from getting into touch with our true self True self
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Social self Leads to “conditions of worth” True self
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So why do people do bad things?
Social self hinders movement toward SA Not behaving like true self causes anxiety Anxiety causes defense mechanisms
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So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
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Positive Development Avoid conditions of worth
Unconditional positive regard Congruence between true self and experiences
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Fully Functioning Person
Open to experience Characterized by existential living Trust their organisms Are creative Live rich lives
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George Kelly
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Activity How do you describe people
Commonly use Constructs that are learned Start to see the world a different way
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Every Person is a Scientist
We have our own theories about human behavior We have constructs that we think are important Not as “scientific” as traditional science It is our VIEW of reality that is important Not reality itself
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Construct Our constructs determine how we interpret an event
Constructs are bipolar What is the other pole is also subjective Thus two people may see the same event differently
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s Charlie Sincere Insincere Willy Sincere Morally degenerate
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Charlie Sincere Insincere Willy Sincere Morally degenerate
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If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
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If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
Will think she is insincere React with mild disapproval
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If they see Veruca Salt do something that is not sincere
Will think she is morally degenerate Will be angry and upset
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Constructive Alternativism
All of us are capable of changing our interpretation of events Our constructs Behavior is never determined
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Assessing Constructs
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Research Using Kelly’s constructs
Can understand constructs person uses to see the world Can understand how a person sees self Look at the check marks (and missing check marks) How a person sees self in relation to others Who do you think you are most similar too? Are you similar to anyone? Look at number of check marks in the self column
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Research Cognitive Complexity
Did you use different constructs across all people? Cognitive simplicity Do not differentiate how you perceive others Cognitive complexity Highly different views of others
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Research Cognitive Complexity
Differentiate among many different events in the environments – should be able to make more accurate judgments
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Research Cognitive Complexity
Better able to anticipate school stresses Make more realistic occupational choices Better able to predict the behavior of others
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Review Freud Key ideas Parts of the mind Psychic Determinism
Unconscious Internal Structure Psychic Conflict Mental Energy Doctrine of Opposites Parts of the mind
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Review Freud Psychosexual stages Defense mechanisms Denial Repression
Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Intellectualization Regression Sublimation
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Review Freud Parapraxes Humor
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Review Neo-Freudians Carl Jung Alfred Adler Archetypes
Collective Unconscious Alfred Adler Feelings of inferiority Striving for superiority Importance of birth order
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Review Neo-Freudians Karen Horney Erick Erikson Anxiety
Coping with anxiety (types) Erick Erikson Eight stages of development
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Review Existentialism Phenomenonological Humanistic Free will
Awareness Meaning
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Review Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Flow George Kelly Self-Actualization
True self vs. social self Conditions of wroth Unconditional positive regard Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of needs Flow George Kelly Constructs
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