1. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
A water molecule is _________________.
In a water molecule, the bond polarities are equal, but the two dipoles do not cancel each other because a water molecule is bent. The molecule as a whole is polar. Applying Concepts Which element in water has the higher electronegativity?

2. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
Polar molecules are __________ to one another by _________ interactions. The ________ end of one molecule attracts the ___________ end of another molecule.
The polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen bonding. a) Partial negative charges are on each oxygen atom; partial positive charges are on the hydrogen atom. b) Because of polarity, hydrogen bonds form. Inferring To form a hydrogen bond, what must be true about the hydrogen and the element to which it is hydrogen bonded?

3. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
The intermolecular attraction among water molecules results in the formation of __________ bonds.
The polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen bonding. a) Partial negative charges are on each oxygen atom; partial positive charges are on the hydrogen atom. b) Because of polarity, hydrogen bonds form. Inferring To form a hydrogen bond, what must be true about the hydrogen and the element to which it is hydrogen bonded?

4. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
Many unique and important properties of water—including its ____________ ________________ ______________ and _____________ ________________ _______________—result from hydrogen bonding.

5. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
Surface Tension
The ___________ force, or pull, that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid is called ___________ ________________.
All liquids have a surface tension, but water’s surface tension is _____________ than _______________.

6. Water in the Liquid State
15.1
Water in the Liquid State
Surface tension makes it possible for this water strider to walk on water.
Surface tension makes it possible for some insects, such as this water strider, to walk on water. Water molecules at the surface of the water drop above cannot form hydrogen bonds with air molecules, so they are drawn into the body of the liquid, producing surface tension.

7. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
A __________________ is any substance that interferes with the ______________ _________________ between water molecules and thereby _______________ surface tension.

8. Water in the Liquid State
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Water in the Liquid State
Vapor Pressure
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules also explains water’s unusually __________ __________________ _______________ . Because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules to one another, the tendency of these molecules to escape is _________, and _________________ is slow.

9. Water in the Solid State
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Water in the Solid State
As water begins to cool, it behaves initially like a typical liquid. It ___________ _______________ and its ____________ gradually ___________. When the temperature of the water falls below ___˚C, the density of water starts to ____________.

10. Water in the Solid State
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Water in the Solid State

11. Water in the Solid State
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Water in the Solid State
Hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules in place in the __________ ____________.
Extensive hydrogen bonding in ice holds the water molecules farther apart in a more ordered arrangement than in liquid water. The hexagonal symmetry of a snowflake reflects the structure of the ice crystal.

12. Water in the Solid State
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Water in the Solid State
The structure of ice is a ____________ open ______________ of water molecules arranged like a _________________.
When ice melts, the framework collapses, and the water molecules pack closer together, making _________ water ________ ______ than _____.