1. 12.2 Continued…How is Food Produced?
Concept We have used high-input industrialized agriculture and lower-input traditional methods to greatly increase supplies of food.

2. Science Focus: Soil Is the Base of Life on Land (1)
All types of conventional crop production depend on having fertile ______________
Soil is a complex mixture of…
Eroded rock
Mineral nutrients
Decaying organic matter
Water
Air
Living organisms…mainly microscopic decomposers
topsoil
(pores)

3. C horizon Parent material
Oak tree
Fern
Organic debris
Millipede
Moss and lichen
Grasses and
small shrubs
Honey fungus
Earthworm
Rock fragments
Wood sorrel
O horizon Leaf litter
A horizon Topsoil
Mole
Bacteria
B horizon Subsoil
Fungus
C horizon Parent material
Figure 12.A: This diagram shows a generalized soil profile and illustrates how soil is formed. Horizons, or layers, vary in number, composition, and thickness, depending on the type of soil. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: What role do you think the tree in this figure plays in soil formation? How might the soil formation process change if the tree were removed?
Bedrock
Immature soil
Mite
Young soil
Mature soil
Root system
Red earth mite
Beetle larva
Nematode
Fig. 12-A, p. 284

4. Science Focus: Soil Is the Base of Life on Land
Soil formation begins when bedrock is slowly _________________ into fragments and particles through physical, chemical, and biological processes called __________________
broken down
weathering

5. Science Focus: Soil Is the Base of Life on Land (2)
Mature soil has several layers…
O horizon: _________________
A horizon: _________________
B horizon: _________________
C horizon: parent material, often _________________
Leaf litter
topsoil
subsoil
bedrock

6. Although topsoil is a renewable resource, it is renewed very ______________, which means it can be depleted
Just 1 cm of topsoil can take ___________________ of years to form
If topsoil is left unprotected, like when we __________ a forest, it can be washed or blown away in a matter of ____________ or _______________
slowly
hundreds
clear
weeks
months

7. A Closer Look at Industrialized Crop Production
A Green Revolution occurs when crop yields _______________
Usually involves three steps
Develop and plant monocultures of high-yield key crops
May have been bred _____________________ or genetically engineered
Large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, water
Increase the number of crops grown per year on a plot of land through _____________________ cropping
increase
selectively
multiple

8. A Closer Look at Industrialized Crop Production
First Green Revolution occurred in the world’s more-developed countries, like the U.S. between _________________
Second Green Revolution has been taking place since 1967 in middle-income, ____________________ countries like India, China, and Brazil
Fast growing dwarf varieties of rice and wheat specially bred for tropical and subtropical _______________
less-developed
climates

9. Global Outlook: Total Worldwide Grain Production (Wheat, Corn, and Rice)
Figure 12.7: Global outlook: These graphs show that worldwide grain production of wheat, corn, and rice (left), and per capita grain production (right) grew sharply between 1961 and The world’s three largest grain-producing countries—China, India, and the United States, in that order—produce almost half of the world’s grains. In contrast to the United States, most wheat produced in China and India is irrigated. Question: Why do you think grain production per capita has grown less consistently than total grain production? (Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Worldwatch Institute, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and Earth Policy Institute)
tripled
Total world grain has ____________ in production.
Why has it not increased as much per Capita (per person)?
Our rapidly increasing population
Fig. 12-7, p. 285

10. Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the United States
In the United States, industrialized farming has grown into ______________________, as small number of giant corporations increasingly control food…
_____________________
As a result, the average U.S. farmer feeds 129 people compared to only _______ people in the 1940s
agribusiness
growing methods
processing
distribution
sales 19

11. Case Study: Industrialized Food Production in the United States
U.S Food production: very efficient
Americans spend ______ of income on food compared to people in less-developed countries that spend up to ________ of their income on food
Hidden costs?
_____________ to pay for farm subsidies
costs of pollution and environmental degradation
____________ effects related to industrialized agriculture
10%
40%
taxes
health

12. Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Produce New Crop/Livestock Varieties (1)
The first gene revolution resulted from…
___________-breeding through artificial selection
_________ process…you select individuals with characteristics that you like and breed them over time
The same method we have used to produce so many different types of purebred dogs today
Amazing Results…ancient ears of corn were about the size of your little _______________
Cross
Slow
finger

13. Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Produce New Crop/Livestock Varieties (1)
The second gene revolution has resulted from _____________ __________________
Adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA through gene _______________
Resulting organisms are called genetically modified organisms ___________
At least _______ of the food products on U.S. supermarket shelves contain some form of GM food or ingredients
genetic
engineering
splicing
GMOs
70%

14. Crossbreeding and Genetic Engineering Produce New Crop/Livestock Varieties (2)
Age of Genetic Engineering: developing crops that are resistant to
Heat and cold
Herbicides
Insect pests
Parasites
Viral diseases
Drought
Salty or acidic soil
_______________ and potential ________________
Promise
perils

15. Meat Production and Consumption Have Grown Steadily
Half of the world’s meat comes from livestock grazing on __________ in unfenced rangelands and enclosed pastures (traditional method)
grass

16. Meat Production and Consumption Have Grown Steadily
The other half comes from industrialized meat production
__________________ and large buildings called concentrated animal feeding operations ________
involves raising large numbers of animals bred to gain weight _____________
Are fed varying combinations of grain, fishmeal, and fish oil, which are doctored with growth _________________ and _________________
Feedlots
CAFOs
quickly
hormones
antibiotics

17. Industrialized Meat Production
Figure 12.8: Industrialized beef production: On this cattle feedlot in Imperial Valley, California (USA) 40,000 cattle are fattened up on grain for a few months before being slaughtered. Cattle in such feedlots often stand knee-deep in manure and are covered with feces when they arrive at slaughterhouses.
Often stand knee-deep in manure and are covered with feces
when they arrive at the slaughterhouse
Fig. 12-8, p. 287

18. Meat Production and Consumption Have Grown Steadily
Meat production increased ______________ between 1961 and 2007
As a country’s economy and _________________ grows, more of its people tend to eat meat
Also increases the demand for ______________ because it is needed as food for the livestock
Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea now
import _______ of the grain they
consume and ___________ and _____________ are predicted to
follow this trend
four-fold
affluence
grain
70%
China
India

19. Fish and Shellfish Production Have Increased Dramatically
Recall that __________________ are concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting
Industrial fishing fleets _________________ fisheries and uses many resources
Aquaculture: ____________ revolution
The practice of ________________ marine and freshwater fish in ponds or underwater cages
fisheries
depletes
Blue
raising

20. Big Island, Kona, Tilapia in aquaculture tank at Sea Farms of Hawaii

21. World Seafood Production, Including Both Wild Catch and Aquaculture
Figure 12.9: World seafood production, including both wild catch and aquaculture, increased sharply between 1950 and Question: What are two trends that you can see in these data? (Data from UN Food and Agriculture Organization, U.S. Census Bureau, and Worldwatch Institute)
Fig. 12-9, p. 287

22. Industrialized Food Production Requires Huge Inputs of Energy
Mostly ______________________ energy – oil and natural gas
Farm machinery
Irrigate crops
Produce pesticides (petrochemicals)
Commercial inorganic fertilizers
Process and transport food
U.S. food ___________ an average of 2,400 kilometers
_______ of total fossil fuel energy use in U.S.
It takes about ________________ of fossil fuels to put ____________ of food energy on the table
nonrenewable
travels
19%
10 units
1 unit

23. Review Questions What does mature soil consist of?
What methods are used for industrialized beef production?
What is aquaculture?
Eroded rock, living organisms, decaying matter, minerals
water, air
O, A, B, and C horizons
Feed lots and CAFOs…crowded, unsanitary
antibiotics, growth hormones
Blue Revolution….raising fish rather
than overfishing