1. Integrative Biology of Exercise
John A. Hawley, Mark Hargreaves, Michael J. Joyner, Juleen R. Zierath 
Cell 
Volume 159, Issue 4, Pages (November 2014)
DOI: /j.cell
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2. Figure 1 The Physiological Responses to Voluntary, Dynamic Exercise
Multiple organ systems are affected by exercise, initiating diverse homeostatic responses.
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3. Figure 2
Complex and Redundant Physiological Control Mechanisms during Voluntary, Dynamic Exercise
Motor cortical drive leads to skeletal muscle contraction, as well as parallel activation (“central command”) of key neuro-endocrine responses, fuel mobilization, and support systems that increase oxygen and substrate delivery to contracting skeletal muscle. The integrated response is fine-tuned by afferent feedback, involving mechano- and chemo-sensitive type III and IV afferents in active skeletal muscle, but also by critical sensors that monitor various parameters, including mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), blood glucose concentration, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, body temperature, and blood volume.
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4. Figure 3
Repeated Transient Bursts in Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Precede Increases in Transcriptional and Mitochondrial Proteins in Response to Short-Term Training
Subjects (n = 9) completed seven sessions of high-intensity interval training during a 2 week intervention. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained 4 and 24 hr after the first, third, fifth, and seventh training session. PGC-1α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator α; CS, citrate synthase. Data are redrawn from Perry et al. (2010).
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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5. Figure 4
Schematic of the Major Signaling Pathways Involved in the Control of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Multiple primary signals, including, but not limited to, mechanical stretch, calcium, pH, redox state, hypoxia, and muscle energy status, are altered with voluntary dynamic exercise. Following initiation of one or more of these primary signals, additional kinases/phosphatases are activated to mediate a specific exercise-induced signal. In mammalian cells, numerous signaling cascades exist. These pathways are regulated at multiple sites, with substantial crosstalk between pathways producing a highly sensitive, complex transduction network.
Cell  , DOI: ( /j.cell )
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