1. Figure 4 Implantable neuromodulation treatments
Figure 4 | Implantable neuromodulation treatments. a | Implantable occipital nerve stimulators are a type of peripheral nerve stimulator. The electrodes are implanted over the occipital nerves. b | The StimRelieve Halo Migraine System (Stimwave LLC, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA) is a wirelessly controlled peripheral nerve stimulator. The device uses percutaneously placed leads which are powered by a wireless external unit via radiofrequency signals rather than by an implantable pulse generator. Use of wireless technology to power the device removes the need for surgical tunnelling and creation of a pocket for battery implantation, and reduces the risk of lead migration because the leads are not attached to an implanted battery that can cause pulling. The stimulation leads can be placed over multiple pericranial peripheral nerves. c | The Pulsante SPG neurostimulator system (Autonomic Technologies, Inc., Redwood City, California, USA) is a multichannel peripheral nerve stimulator that is implanted transorally into the pterygopalatine fossa. It is controlled by a handheld remote control that is placed over the cheek to apply therapy. SPG, sphenopalatine ganglion.
Schuster, N. M. & Rapoport, A. M. (2016) New strategies for the treatment and prevention of primary headache disorders
Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol