1. Chapter 13
The Presidency

2. The Presidency
When Donald Trump succeeded Barack Obama as president in 2017, he inherited numerous challenges, but also a presidency more powerful than the institution imagined by the Founders.

3. Establishing the Presidency
The presidency is established by Article II of Constitution
Article II: “The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.”
The framers rejected proposals for ???
They affirmed that __________would hold the presidency, thus allowing ???
The Constitution is printed in its entirety at the end of the textbook; consider asking students to read Article II before class.
The term energy comes from the Federalist Papers, in a discussion of defending the executive against claims of monarchy.
The president’s “energy” is contrasted with the functioning of Congress, which the framers believed would move slowly.

4. Establishing the Presidency: The Selection Process—History
Early history and development of the process
The framers debated how to select the president
2 alternative choices
Compromise: ??
??? originally selected by the state legislators, but later this was changed
in the nineteenth century, ????? began to choose the ?????

5. Establishing the Presidency: The Selection Process
Rules of the selection process
States: winner-take-all
In 48 of 50 states, the candidate who wins a ____ of the state’s popular vote wins all of _____
Number of electors
Equal to ????
Electoral college: a majority is required
????

6. Establishing the Presidency: The Selection Process—Candidates
Presidential candidates
Presidential candidates were first chosen ????
“King Caucus” ???
The parties later created ____________ ________?
This gave power to the ????
Later, the _____ were given the power to select delegates through _________ and __________?
The point here is to show the students how dynamic American political history has been.
The American system is constantly changing, and if you manage to give the students some sense that American politics has not always been as it is today, this may encourage them to learn more.

7. The Background of Winning Presidential Candidates
Race, gender, occupation, age, party, and region
Race: ?
Gender: ?
Occupation: ?
Age: only two presidents have been under age 45
Party: most have been from the ????
Region: the majority of presidents have been from the _______ + _________

14. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Expressed Powers
The powers and duties of the president
Expressed powers: ?????
5 key ones?

15. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Implied and Delegated Powers
The powers and duties of the president
Implied powers: ?????
Affirmed in the case of ___________________.
Delegated powers: ????
Congress _________ ________ to the president to develop the _______________________?

16. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Military Power
Expressed powers
Military power
Commander in chief
Head of the nation’s intelligence network
????????????
Can deploy troops domestically ?????
other reasons include ????????
In 1957, President Dwight Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce court orders to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School.

17. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Judicial Power
Expressed powers
Judicial power
The president ???? ( 4 things)
Examples?
Pardons are unconditional and no reason need be given for them.
Students may ask about the purpose for this power. Pardons are typically granted in cases where they will either aid in national healing after a major disagreement or in cases where individuals entered the judicial system in violation of a law that was not really intended to punish people like them.
In short, the pardon power is like a pressure valve, and when used properly (which certainly is not always the case), it can keep the judicial system healthy by weeding out people who were not intended to become involved in it.
It was used after Watergate, using the rationale of helping the nation heal, and it is also true that it can be used to do (the biggest of) political favors.

18. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Diplomatic Power
Expressed powers
Diplomatic power: the president is the ???
4 things under these powers?
Students may not understand the significance of the president being able to determine the legitimacy of new governments, so it may be worth explaining how important this is in the time of a coup, such as a case where a democratically elected president has to flee the country.

19. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Executive Power
Expressed powers
Executive power
Must see that all laws ?????
Appoints and supervises ?????
Examples???
The president can claim ____________ _________(within limits)
Definition???
Discuss the limits of executive privilege as outlined in United States v. Nixon (1974).

20. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Legislative Power
Expressed powers
Legislative power
Addresses Congress _______________
helps initiate ?????????????????
Can _____ bills
Definition and details
Discuss with the class how a pocket veto operates and why presidents sometimes choose this option.

21. The Veto Process FIGURE 13.1 The Veto Process
*PL = public law; 107 = number of Congress (107th was 2000–2001); 999 = number of the law.

22. The Presidential Use of the Veto
FIGURE The Presidential Use of the Veto
One of the president’s checks over the legislative branch is the use of the veto, a power whose use has varied considerably over the course of American history. The bars in the graph show the number of vetoes each president made per session of Congress. What is the overall trend for vetoes? Why might this be? What is the relationship between the number of vetoes and whether Congress is controlled by the same party as the president (unified government) or the opposite party (divided government)?
NOTE: Congress changed party control in mid-session in 1953–1954 and The first president Bush shown here is George H. W. Bush (101st and 102nd Congresses); the second is George W. Bush (107th–110th Congresses).
SOURCE: The American Presidency Project, (accessed 5/16/16).

23. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Legislative Power, Part 2
Expressed powers
Legislative power (continued)
Has the power to issue ________________?
Definition and details???
To override an ___________, Congress must _______________ ?
It might also be worth discussing the implied presidential power of the legislative initiative.

24. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Delegated Powers
Congress often delegates powers to the executive branch
Why?
It often defines broad ____________________
Explanation and example….

25. Constitutional Powers of the Presidency: Inherent Powers
Definition?
Often asserted during __________________ or _____________?
Declaring war? Congress?
Presidents have generally ignored the ________________
the resolution states that _____________________
The War Powers Resolution and the back-and-forth between the executive and legislative branches over military power in the post–World War II era is a great example of the murkiness of inherent powers.

26. The Presidency as an Institution
FIGURE The Institutional Presidency

27. The Presidency as an Institution: The Cabinet
Institutional resources
Cabinet
5 points?
Originally, the president had virtually no staff.
Now, the Cabinet meets as a group only rarely, and mostly for ceremonial purposes. Some secretaries almost never meet with the president, such as the Housing and Urban development (HUD), Energy, and Agricultural secretaries.
Alternatively, the secretaries of Defense, State, and Treasury meet with the president nearly daily.
The head of the Justice Department is called the attorney general.

28. The Presidency as an Institution: The Staff
Institutional resources
White House staff
Composed mainly of ____________________
they ???>
Kitchen cabinet ???
Definiiton?

29. The Presidency as an Institution: The Staff, Part 2
Institutional resources
Executive Office of the President (created in 1939)
definition/?
includes the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
So what? Why Important?
Also includes ?????

30. The Presidency as an Institution: The Vice Presidency
Institutional resources
Vice presidency
Exists to
2 points?
Main value to the president is ______________ ?
Explain….
Some VPs assist the president as ????
the Twenty-Fifth Amendment ????
As noted here, presidential candidates often choose their vice-presidential running mates to gain a specific electoral advantage. For example, Barack Obama’s choice of Joe Biden helped to alleviate criticism of Obama’s lack of foreign policy experience. Since taking office, Biden has played an important role in U.S. foreign policy, including in 2014 when he met with the acting Ukrainian prime minister following Russia’s annexation of Crimea, formerly a Ukrainian province.

31. The Presidency as an Institution: The First Spouse
Institutional resources
First spouse
Typically perform ?????
Examples???
Some are active on ????
Example?
Others may be active on ???
Exampe???

32. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power
During the nineteenth century, ??? was the nation’s ????
Presidents expand their power in two primary ways
Which are ???
Direct appeals by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) to the American people allowed him to “reach over the heads” of congressional opponents and force them to follow his lead because their constituents demanded it.

33. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power, Part 2
Presidents also can expand power through their party
2 things???

34. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power: Going Public
Popular mobilization: going public
Nineteenth-century presidents were expected ????
Now, going public is a favored weapon in the political arsenal of most presidents
Definition?
Some limitations to going public
2 points?
You may also wish to mention the “honeymoon” period presidents usually enjoy during the first 100 days.
For the most part, Congress and the media are kind on the president for the first three months in order to give the administration some time to get organized and get its most important policies advanced.
This also gives the opposition time to craft a strategy to effectively challenge the president’s policies.

35. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power: Going Public, Part 2
Popular mobilization: going public
Franklin Roosevelt example?
President Obama has made use of the Internet
3 points?

36. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power: Administrative Strategy
Presidents have increased their administrative capabilities over time by
3 points?
The Executive Office of the President is made up of 400 staff in the White House Office (WHO) and 1,400 in the EOP. The president’s staff are equal to the task of proposing legislation and countering Congress. The president also engages in regulatory review by determining how agencies should operate. The use of regulatory review, along with things such as signing statements, all fall under the broad category of the administrative state.

37. Governing by Decree Presidents can act unilaterally through the use of
6 points?
Often, the opposition party will complain loudly when a president signs executive orders they do not like. That is pure politics. Presidents are well within their legal powers to issue a variety of laws as long as they adhere to the list on the slide.
Opposition parties are doing their job by making a lot of noise in opposition, which helps mobilize their base. Nonetheless, they have no illusion that the actual executive orders are unconstitutional.

38. Presidential Executive Orders
FIGURE Presidential Executive Orders
Executive orders are a tool presidents have for influencing policy. Their use has varied considerably over time. Each bar in the graph shows the average number of executive orders each president issued per year in office. Which presidents issued the most executive orders? What events in U.S. history were occurring when those presidents were in office?
*Does not include memoranda or other forms of executive action
SOURCE: Gerhard Peters, (accessed 6/1/16).

39. Governing by Decree: Signing Statements
Presidents can also act unilaterally through use of signing statements
Signing statements
3 points?

40. Governing by Decree: Nonenforcement of Laws
Presidents have a final instrument of direct presidential governance: nonenforcement of laws
Nonenforcement of laws
2 points

41. Presidential Power: Advantages and Limits
Advantages of administrative strategy
????
Limits of presidential power
purse strings ??
Shutdown?
The president is also limited by _______________ and ________________.

42. Presidential Success on Congressional Votes
FIGURE 13.6 Presidential Success on Congressional Votes, 1953–2013*
Presidents have more success in Congress when their party is in the majority. Can you identify the periods when presidents had majority support in Congress and when they did not?
*Percentages based on votes on which presidents took a position.
SOURCE: Congressional Quarterly. CREDIT: Nelson HSU/NPR

46. Additional Information
Following this slide, you will find additional images, figures, and tables from the textbook.

47. Presidential Election: House of Representatives
Electors
The election of the American president does not formally conclude on Election Day in November. In December, electors from each state cast their votes for president. The state electoral votes are then counted in January in the House of Representatives, which announces the victor.

48. Contemporary Bases of Presidential Power: Franklin D. Roosevelt
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s direct appeals to the American people allowed FDR to “reach over the heads” of congressional opponents and force them to follow his lead because their constituents demanded it.

49. Thinking Critically about Presidential Power and Democracy
While presidents are more powerful today than they were 200 years ago, they are still subject to constitutional checks and balances. This process can lead to frustration, such as the 2013 government shutdown.

50. Richard Nixon Richard Nixon
The Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Nixon is often seen as a blow to presidential power because Nixon was required to turn over secret tapes related to the Watergate scandal, despite his claims of executive privilege. Here, Nixon points to transcripts of the tapes that he is turning over to House impeachment investigators.

51. Executive Branches in Comparison
America Side by Side:
Executive Branches in Comparison
Presidential Powers
All democracies have an executive branch, but the specific form it takes varies. In presidential systems, such as the United States, the position of the head of state (the symbolic leader of a country) and the head of government (the leader in charge of the day-to-day running of the government) is combined into one position—the president. In parliamentary systems, these roles are often held by different people, with the head of government being the more powerful position. For example, in Germany, the head of government is the prime minister (called the chancellor), while the head of state is the president, who plays a largely ceremonial role similar to the United Kingdom’s queen.
Most democracies use parliamentary executive systems, though presidential systems are common in the Americas, in part due to the historical influence of the United States. Political scientists have long debated which system is “best,” contrasting parliamentary and presidential systems on their effectiveness, stability, and representativeness. In presidential systems, for example, the separation of powers may protect against the “tyranny of the majority,” in which a majority pursues its interests without regard to those of minority groups (see Chapter 2), but it can also lead to deadlock, policy inefficiencies, and polarization.
A small but growing group of countries uses a hybrid “semipresidential” system. France, for instance, divides the executive between a powerful head of state (the president) and the head of government (the prime minister) who have different but (theoretically) equal powers. While this arrangement is intended to combine the best of both systems, conflict can emerge in semi-presidential systems between the prime minister and president over differences in legislation or constitutional authority. In most semi-presidential systems, the president holds the majority of the power, including the power to appoint and dismiss the prime minister. Occasionally, presidents in these systems can use their power advantage to undermine the legislature and threaten democracy.

52. Connecting with Citizens
New and improving forms of mass communication have enabled modern presidents to connect with the people in a variety of ways, but interacting with citizens face-to-face remains an extremely effective way to develop a broad popular base.

53. Maintenance of Public Order: Hurricane Katrina
One of the president’s responsibilities is the maintenance of public order. After Hurricane Katrina devastated the Gulf Coast in 2005, President Bush declared a federal state of emergency in Louisiana and sent troops to the region to rescue residents, provide food and medicine, and keep order.

54. The President and Foreign Policy
As the head of state, the president is America’s chief representative in dealings with other countries. Here, President Obama meets with Cuban president Raúl Castro in 2016, after restoring diplomatic relations with Cuba more than 50 years after Dwight D. Eisenhower had severed tires with the country.

55. Law Implementation: Affordable Care Act
The influence of the president and the executive branch is widespread as the executive is responsible for the implementation of many laws that Congress passes. These delegated powers extend to health care as the executive branch orchestrated the health insurance enrollment process for millions of Americans under the Affordable Care Act, known colloquially as Obamacare.

56. Vice President: Mike Pence
Mike Pence, who served as a member of Congress and then governor of Indiana, is devoutly Christian and socially conservative. He helped improve Donald Trump’s electoral appeal among social conservatives and establishment Republicans.

57. The First Lady: Melania Trump
First Lady Melania Trump is an immigrant from Slovenia and a former model. During the 2016 presidential campaign, Mrs. Trump campaigned for her husband, speaking at the Republican National Convention and occasionally at rallies.

58. The White House Website
In order to connect more directly with the public and better hear people’s concerns, President Obama set up a website inviting citizens to petition the White House on issues that matter to them.

59. President Obama and Executive Orders
In 2014, President Obama issued an executive order that would shield millions of immigrants from deportation. In 2016 the validity of Obama’s order was called into question when the Supreme Court split 4–4 over a lower-court decision against the president.