1. Changes of State
Chapter 10
Section 4

2. Review Summary- Physical States of Matter

3. Vocabulary
_________: any part of a system that has ___________composition and properties
_____________: the process by which a _______changes to a _______
________________: a dynamic condition in which two opposing changes occur at equal _________in a closed system

4. More Information
_________: a gas in contact with its liquid or solid phase

5. Summary of State Changes See Table 2- p. 242

6. Equilibrium Vapor Pressure of a Liquid
_________________________: the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its corresponding liquid at a given temperature
_________temperature = ________in kinetic energy = _____________in the number of molecules with enough energy to become a vapor = ______________in equilibrium vapor pressure

7. At a Given Temperature
Because all liquids have ____________ forces of ______________between their particles, every liquid has a specific equilibrium vapor pressure at a given ________________.
__________forces = ________number of particles that can evaporate = ______ equilibrium vapor pressure

8. Relative Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
______________: liquids that evaporate readily
Volatile liquids have _________forces of attraction between their particles.
Example: Ether, __________, gasoline, ___________
_________________: liquids that do not evaporate readily

9. _________liquids have relatively _____ attractive forces between their particles
_________________________would be nonvolatile liquids because of the ______ attraction for positive ions and negative ions in the liquid phase.

10. Boiling
_______allows the conversion of a liquid to a ______within the _____as well as at its ___________.
___________: the temperature at which the ______________________of a liquid equals the _______________
Energy must be added ___________for a liquid to keep boiling

11. Pressure and Boiling Point
If you __________the pressure, then the boiling point is _________.
If you __________the pressure, then the boiling point is ________.
At ____altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is _______and water boils at a ________ temperature, so it is recommended to bake at a higher temperature for less time. Some foods would require longer to cook.

13. The ______________at the boiling point remains ________despite the continuous addition of ___________.
The added energy is used to overcome the ______________forces between the particles in the liquid as it vaporizes.
This energy is stored in the vapor as potential energy.

14. Molar Enthalpy of Vaporization
_____________________________: the amount of energy as ______required to evaporate _______of a liquid at constant pressure and temperature
Abbreviated as ________
This is actually a measure of the ______ of the attractive forces between particles
Each liquid has a ______________molar enthalpy of vaporization

16. Freezing
___________________: the temperature at which the solid and liquid are in equilibrium at 1 atm (101.3 kPa)
Particles of the liquid and the solid have the _________average kinetic energy
Energy ______during freezing is the loss of stored energy (potential)

17. Melting ____________is the reverse of freezing.
It ocurs at a __________temperature.
As a solid melts, it __________energy as heat.
For pure crystalline solids, the melting point and the freezing point are the ________.
At ____________, melting and freezing proceed at ________________.

18. Molar Enthalpy of Fusion
_____________________: the amount of energy as _______required to melt ___ _____of solid at the solid’s melting point
Abbreviated as ______
The energy ___________overcomes the __________forces and decreases particle order (dependent on the strength of the forces).

19. Sublimation and Deposition
___________: the change of state from a ______directly to a ______
Examples: solid CO2 and iodine
____________: the change of state from a ______directly to a __________
Example: formation of frost on a cold surface

20. Figure 17-
p. 348
Blue Arrows = addition of energy to one phase to produce another
Green Arrows = removal of energy from one phase to produce another

21. Phase Diagrams
________________: a graph of ________ versus _______________that shows the conditions under which the ________of a substance exist
____________(of a substance): indicates the temperature and pressure conditions at which the ______, ______, and _____ states can coexist at equilibrium

22. ____________: of a substance, indicates the critical temperature and critical pressure
___________________: the temperature above which the substance cannot exist in the liquid state
______________: the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid at the critical temperature