1. (genes and chromosomes too…)
DNA and the NUCLEUS
(genes and chromosomes too…)

2. Nucleus Controls the cell What kind of cell it will become
When it will grow and divide into more cells
When it will die

3. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Also known as DNA
Strands of DNA are called chromatin
Genes are the blueprint for all of the proteins are body makes

4. What is DNA made of? The backbone of the ladder is made up of: Sugar
Phosphate

6. Nucleotides
The middle of the ladder is made up of only 4 nucleotides or bases! These code for ALL LIFE!!!
-adenine (A)
-guanine (G)
-cytosine (C)
-thymine (T)

7. A always goes with T Adenine ALWAYS goes with Thymine
This is the only way they fit in the ladder!

8. G always goes with c Guanine always goes with cytosine
It’s the only way they will fit in the ladder!

9. All together….

10. Nucleic acid pairs are called BASE PAIRS

11. DNA is stored in CHROMATIN
One molecule of DNA is stored in the nucleus as long strands of CHROMATIN
When a cell wants to divide into two cells, it must condense its chromatin

12. Condensed chromatin makes CHROMOSOMES
When all of the DNA has finally turned into chromosomes, the chromosomes copy themselves, and then divide into two cells.

13. CHROMOSOMES All of our genes are found on our chromosomes
Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
They are paired up to make 23 pairs. One set from your mother, and one from your father.

14. Genes in Chromosomes In humans, our chromosomes contain 25,000 genes!
Genes code for all PROTEINS, which make up our entire body! Our body makes 100,000 different proteins!
Looks
Personality
Illnesses and diseases
Health
Voice
Senses
Intelligence
Food preferences

15. Cows have more chromosomes than humans!

16. Humans lost chromosomes in evolution that were useless!

17. Pairs 1-22
One from each pair comes from your mom, and one comes from your dad. They carry the same genes!
Your mom’s gene may say brown hair, your dad’s gene may say blonde. YOU WILL HAVE BROWN HAIR because brown is a DOMINANT gene.

18. Chromosome 16 example Has 89 million base pairs in its ladder
This DNA in the chromosome codes for genes!
Some genes code for proteins involved in cell division
If this is messed up, cells will divide uncontrollably…this is called what?

19. Gene Expression
Pick a cell in your body. Are all 25,000 genes turned on at the same time?

20. NO!
In each type of cell, only certain genes are “read” to make specific proteins.
Cells DO NOT make proteins they do not need.
Proteins made from your genes in an embryo help determine what new cells jobs will be as you grow into a fetus!

21. Who reads the genes and turns them into proteins?

22. Protein Jobs Proteins have several jobs in our body
Structural-hair, nails
Enzymes-speed up all reactions in our body, including making DNA
Hormones-chemical messengers that control body processes

24. What about chromosome 23?

25. Chromosome 23 is the sex chromosome
Girls are XX
Boys are XY

26. Eggs and Sperm All eggs contain X as the 23 chromosome
All sperm can be either X or Y
One X pairs up with one X to make a female.
One X pairs up with one Y to make a male.
Who controls the sex of a baby?

27. Sex-linked disorders
Chromosome 23 has many genes that code for things besides the sex of a person.
If you have a bad X chromosome, the other X will cover for you…
If you have a bad X chromosome and just a Y to cover you, you’re in a pickle.

28. Y chromosomes do not have all the genes its supposed to!
Y chromosomes do not have enough genes on them because they are smaller!
In boys, if genes on your X chromosome code for wrong proteins, your Y chromosome genes can’t save you necessarily!

29. For many illnesses, they are more common in boys than girls!
With your partner, grab a laptop and research one sex-linked diagnosis.
Answer all questions on your sheet.
-Hemophilia
-Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
-Deuteranopia
-Becker Muscular Dystrophy
-Fragile X Syndrome
-Progressive Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy
-Protanopia
-Red-green Color Blindness
-Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
-X-linked Agammaglobulinemia