1. State Objective: L.8.2.B.1-4 L.8.2.C.1-2
Genetics & Heredity
State Objective:
L.8.2.B.1-4
L.8.2.C.1-2

2. EXTRA CREDIT
Bring separate pictures of you and parents or some other relative or famous person to whom you look similar.
You will receive 5 points coupon.

3. Important Vocabulary L.8.2.B.1-4 & L.8.2.C.1-2
dominant trait
recessive trait
phenotype
genotype
alleles
artificial selection/selective breeding
genetic engineering,
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Mutation

4. Clinical Genomic Scientist
Stem Careers!
Forensic DNA Analyst
Plant Geneticist
Immunologist
Pharmacogenetics
Clinical Genomic Scientist

5. I Can …
Support the historical findings of Gregor Mendel to explain the basic principles of heredity through research bases evidence.
Communicate through diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes and that each gene holds the instructions for the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual.
Construct an argument based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms.
Use a Punnett Squares to make predictions about the phenotype of an offspring involving simple dominant/recessive traits.
Construct an arguments from evidence to support claims about the potentially harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects of genetic mutations on organisms
Debate the ethics of artificial selection (selective breeding, genetic engineering) and the societal impacts of humans changing the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

6. What are the basic principals of heredity & why is Gregor Mendel known as the “Father of Genetics”? L.8.2B.2
Performance Objectives:
Use various scientific resources to research and support the historical findings of Gregor Mendel to explain the basic principles of heredity
This objective will be developed further in L.8.2.C.1 The purpose here

7. Genetics & Heredity
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring
Traits: physical characteristics of an organism
Example: eye color, hair color, & height
Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring by looking at genes

8. Who is the “Father of Genetics”?

9. Gregor Mendel
Basic laws of heredity were first formed during the mid- 1800’s by an Austrian botanist monk named Gregor Mendel.
His work laid the foundation to the study of heredity, Mendel is referred to as “The Father of Genetics.”

10. The work of Gregor Mendel
worked with pea plants…
…he called them his children!
Why pea plants???
There was a long-standing tradition of breeding pea plants at the monastery where Mendel lived and worked

11. Mendel’ Pea Plants
So…they were readily available and they come in lots of varieties!
Mendel observed differences in multiple traits over many generations because pea plants reproduce rapidly and have many visible traits.
He performed monohybrid crosses in a breeding experiment where organisms differed in a single given trait.
Yellow
Plant Height
Tall
Short
Pod color
Seed Shape
Pod Shape
Seed Color
Green
Round
Wrinkled
Smooth
Pinched

12. And best of all…
Pea plants flowers can reproduce by themselves (self-pollinate)
This allowed Mendel to see if strains were true breeding and to produce hybrids

13. Mendel’s garden

14. Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel noticed that some plants always produced offspring that expressed a form of a trait exactly like the parent plant.
Called these plants “purebred” plants.
purebred short plants always produced short offspring
purebred tall plants always produced tall offspring. X
Short Offspring
Purebred Short Parents X
Purebred Tall Parents
Tall Offspring

15. Mendel’s First Experiment
Crossed purebred plants (P generation) with opposite forms of a trait.
Purebred tall plants were crossed with purebred short plants.
Mendel referred to plant as a “purebred” if the plant had two identical gene codes for a particular trait.
purebred tall plant has two tall genes
purebred short plant has two short genes.
Observed that all of the offspring (F1 generation) expressed the tall plants trait, and none expressed the short parent.
Parent Tall P generation
Parent Short P generation X
Offspring Tall F1 generation

16. Mendel’s Second Experiment
Crossed two of the offspring tall plants produced from his first experiment.
Observed that the F2 generation had a mix of tall and short traits expressed in the offspring plants.
Occurred even though none of the F1 parents were short
Parent Plants
Offspring X
Tall F1 generation
3⁄4 Tall & 1⁄4 Short F2 generation

17. 3 Gregor Mendel’s research reflects basic principals of Heredity
Dominant and recessive traits
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent assortment

18. Mendel’s Discoveries
Mendel reasoned that one factor (gene) in a pair may mask, or hide, the other factor.
Today, Scientists refer to Mendel’s “factors” that control traits as genes.
Different forms of a gene are called alleles
In the picture below of Mendel’s 1st experiment, What conclusion can you make about which factor (gene) is masking and which factor (gene) is getting masked?
Parent Tall P generation
Parent Short P generation X
Offspring Tall F1 generation

19. Types of Alleles
Dominant Alleles describe a genetic factor that is always expressed.
It prevents a recessive trait from showing up in offspring.
Represented by capital letters (B)
Mendel observed a variety of dominant alleles in pea plants other than the tall allele.
For example, hybrid plants for seed color always have yellow seeds.
Yellow Seed
Green & Yellow Allele

20. Types of Alleles
Recessive Alleles describe a genetic factor that is not always expressed.
It only expresses itself when both of the recessive traits are inherited (PUREBRED)
Represented by lowercase letters (b)

21. Mendel’s Discoveries
Mendel’s first law, the Law of Segregation, has three parts.
Mendel concluded that:
Offspring carry two alleles for each trait because they inherit one from each parent
The allele pair segregates (separates) during the formation of sex cells by the process of meiosis.
Each sperm or egg receives only one member of the allele pair.
During fertilization each parent will pass one of the two separated alleles in the sex cells randomly giving the offspring one of the possible combinations.

23. Mendel’s Discoveries
Mendel’s Second Law, the Law of Independent Assortment, states that each pair of genes separate independently of each other in the production of sex cells during meiosis.
During meiosis the cell will donate one allele for each gene to each new sex cell allowing for two possible alleles to be inherited by the offspring for each gene.
The donation of one allele from each pair of genes is independent of any other pair.
For example, if the plant donates the yellow seed allele to one sex cell, it does not mean that it will also donate the yellow pod allele.

26. Two ways scientist study traits
Phenotype: The physical trait that an offspring expresses as a result of the genotypes
Ex. Blue Eyes
Genotype: the two alleles a person has inherited that can only be seen on the DNA
one from each parent
Ex. B from mom & B from dad = BB
Ex. B from mom & b, or bb

28. Two categories of Genotypes
Homozygous: inherited two identical alleles
BB (pure dominant) or bb (pure recessive) X
Short Offspring
short-short
Short Parents

29. Two categories of Genotypes
Heterozygous/Hybrid: inherited two different alleles
Bb (hybrid)
In Mendel’s first experiment, F1 offspring plants received one tall gene and one short gene from the parent plants.
all offspring had one short allele and one tall allele. X
Parent Tall P generation
Parent Short P generation
Offspring Tall F1 generation
short-short
short-tall
tall-tall

30. What role do chromosomes play in affecting what traits get passed from parent to offspring? L.8.2C.1
Performance Objectives:
Communicate through diagrams that chromosomes contain many distinct genes and that each gene holds the instructions for the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual (not to include transcription or translation).
This objective will be developed further in L.8.2.C.1 The purpose here

31. The DNA Code Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Each chromosome contains thousands of genes.
The sequence of bases in a gene forms a code that tells the cell what protein to produce.

32. Genes on a Chromosome
Chromosomes are made up of many genes joined together like beads on a string.
Genes are small sections of DNA on a chromosomes that has information about a trait
Each chromosome has a gene for the same trait (eye color from mom & eye color from dad)
Traits are determined by alleles on the chromosomes
Each gene of a gene pair is called an allele
Inherited traits are determined by the alleles on the chromosome
The chromosomes in a pair may have different alleles for some genes and the same allele for others.

33. What if Mendel had Punnett Squares?!
How does a Punnett Square help make predictions about the possible traits that an offspring may inherit or express? L.8.2B.3
Performance Objectives:
Use mathematical and computational thinking to analyze data and make predictions about the outcome of specific genetic crosses (monohybrid Punnett Squares) involving simple dominant/recessive traits
This objective will be developed further in L.8.2.C.1 The purpose here
What if Mendel had Punnett Squares?!

34. A PUNNET SQUARE TOOL USED TO PREDICT THE POSSIBLE GENOTYPES & PHENOTYPES FOR THE OFFSPRING OF TWO KNOWN PARENTS by showing all possible combinations of alleles that children can inherit from parents Think about it…If I had 2 dice could you tell me all the possible outcomes for each roll?
PARENT’S ALLELES
PARENT’S ALLELES

35. Punnett Squares B b BB Bb bb Mom Mom’s Dad’s Offspring’s Dad
genotype - (Bb) Hybrid
Phenotype - brown eyes
Dad’s
Genotype - (Bb) Hybrid
Offspring’s
Phenotype: 75% brown, 25% blue
Ratio – 3:1
Genotype: 25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb
Ratio – 1:2:1 B b BB Bb bb
Dad
BROWN
BROWN
BROWN
BLUE

36. Other types of dominance

37. Punnett Square Practice
What is the genotype and the phenotype for each parent?
What are the possible genotypes and the phenotypes for the offspring?

38. STOP

39. Review Of Major Vocabulary you need to know!
In the following data charts, fill in the missing information based on the notes

40. T,t TT, tt Tt, __ TERMS TO KNOW _____________ HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY HAVE
T,t
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO ALLELES THAT ARE THE __________
TT, tt
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO _______________ ALLELES FOR A TRAIT
Tt, __

41. REPRESENTED BY AN UPPERCASE LETTER REPRESENTED BY A LOWER CASE LETTER
TERMS TO KNOW
HYBRID
SAME AS HETEROZYGOUS
_____
____________
A TRAIT THAT DOMINATES OR COVERS UP THE OTHER FORM OF THE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY AN UPPERCASE LETTER
T OR G
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING _____________ OR COVERED UP BY THE DOMINATE TRAIT
REPRESENTED BY A LOWER CASE LETTER
t or g

42. TERMS TO KNOW PHENOTYPE TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED ___________
THE ___________________APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT, GREEN, WRINKLED
___________
THE GENE ORDER OF AN ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
RATIO
THE RELATIONSHIP IN NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE THINGS
3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1

43. What causes mutations and what impact do they have on an organism and its offspring? L.8.2C.2
Performance Objectives:
Construct scientific arguments from evidence to support claims about the potentially harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects of genetic mutations on organisms.
This objective will be developed further in L.8.2.C.1 The purpose here

44. How can humans manipulate genetic information and what societal impacts may this change have on the inheritance of desire traits in a species ? L.8.2B.4, L.8.2B.4
Performance Objectives:
Debate the ethics of artificial selection (selective breeding, genetic engineering) and the societal impacts of humans changing the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.
Construct an argument based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms
This objective will be developed further in L.8.2.C.1 The purpose here

45. Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the manipulation of living things to make useful products
Causes changes in an organism
Examples of genetic biotechnology
Selective Breeding
Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy

46. Selective Breeding
Selective Breeding is an intentional mating of organisms to produce offspring with specific traits
Two types:
Pure bred
Hybrid
0Ak604

47. Selective Breeding: pure bred
Pure breeding
Crossing two individuals that have identical or similar sets of alleles.
Example: breeding only fast horses, breeding only labs
Con – decreases genetic variety therefore makes it harder to adapt, resist diseases, and higher chance of genetic disorders

48. Selective Breeding: hybrid
Hybridization
Crossing two genetically different individuals. The Hybrid organism is bred to have the best traits from both parents.
Example: Labradoodles, corn produces lots of kernels with one resistant to disease
Con – doesn’t always turn out the planned way & is time consuming
Can not easily predict whether the dominant or recessive trait will appear

49. Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering changes the genetic material of a living organism by removing genes from one organism then transferring them into the DNA of another organism. (gene splicing)
Uses:
Make medication and treat diseases
cure human genetic disorders
Improve crops
Bacteria were the first success with genetic engineering because they are one celled and not as complex.
Ex. Insert bacteria DNA into rice, wheat, and tomatoes to enable plants to survive in colder temps, poor soil conditions, and resist insect pests.

50. Genetic Engineering
Scientists use genetic engineering to create bacterial cells that produce important human proteins such as insulin.

51. Genome
Scientist map a genome to identify all the organisms genes & figure out where they are located
A genome is the complete sequence of an organisms DNA

52. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease by inserting working copies of a gene directly into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder
Researchers are testing several approaches to gene therapy, including:
Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
Several studies have already shown that this approach can have very serious health risks, such as toxicity, inflammation, and cancer.

53. Gene Therapy Examples
People with CF don’t produce the protein to control mucus production. Both genes are defected (recessive). Scientist insert working copies of gene into harmless viruses. The engineered viruses can be sprayed into the lungs of the patients.
Gene therapy works in hemophilia by using DNA as the drug and viruses as the deliverer. A virus containing the gene that produces Factor VIII or Factor IV is injected into a large group of cells in the patient. The hope of the gene therapy is to have the cell produce more of the cured cells and spread throughout the rest of the body.. 53

54. Animal Functional Genomics Lab
Located at Mississippi State University
Deals with Bovine (Cow)
Animal Biotechnology - Our laboratory’s research interests include efficient production of genetically enhanced livestock and animals for biomedical studies.
They selectively breed bovine that exhibit good traits such as higher milk production, resistance to diseases, better tasting milk, etc.
Example: Cattle type 1 doesn’t get sick from a certain infection. Cattle type 2 does. They will no longer breed Cattle type 2. They will select to only breed cattle type 1 to produce offspring. 54

55. Animal Functional Genomics Lab
They also explore the secrets of animal genomes to determine genes involved in important phenotypes in reproduction and growth.
map the genome of bovine to located certain genes that control desirable traits.
hopes to genetically engineer, better offspring by changing the DNA not just selecting better parents. 55

56. Stoneville Pedigreed Seed Co.
Located in Stoneville, MS
Deals with plants
Soybeans, corn and cotton have been genetically engineered to provide herbicide tolerance, insect resistance or both are widely grown in the United States and several other countries
That technique does not involve altering crops by putting in foreign genes. Rather it uses genetic tests to help choose which plants to use in conventional cross-breeding, vastly speeding up the process. 56

57. Pedigree
Geneticist use pedigrees to follow a human trait to learn how the trait was inherited
A pedigree is a chart or “family tree” that tracks the members of a family that have a certain trait.
Circles stand for female
Squares stand for males
A line connecting a square & circle shows they are married
Shaded = person has the trait
Half-shaded = carries one allele for the trait but does not have the trait
No shading = person does not have or carry the trait