1. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Classes of Map Analysis Operations
GIS Modeling logically sequences map analysis operations
(Spatial Analysis, Surface Modeling and Spatial Data Mining)
to solve spatial problems…
Thinking with Maps
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Decision Support Systems Framework
Three elements of a GIS Model
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3. Suitability Modeling (Full Exercise #8)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Suitability Modeling (Full Exercise #8)
Relative Suitability
Mountain Property Development
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Capturing Model Logic (Command Script)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Capturing Model Logic (Command Script)
The logical sequence of map analysis operations is contained in a Command Script
that can be easily changed to simulate different scenarios
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

5. Suitability Modeling (Comparing Scenarios)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Suitability Modeling (Comparing Scenarios)
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. Transmission Line Siting Model
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Transmission Line Siting Model
Goal – identify the best route for an electric
transmission line that considers various criteria
for minimizing adverse impacts.
Existing Powerline
Proposed
Substation
Criteria – the transmission line route should…
Avoid areas of high housing density
Avoid areas that are far from roads
Avoid areas within or near sensitive areas
Avoid areas of high visual exposure to houses
Houses
Roads
Sensitive Areas
Elevation
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Siting Model Flowchart (Model Logic)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Siting Model Flowchart (Model Logic)
Model logic is captured in a flowchart where the boxes represent maps and lines identify processing steps leading to a spatial solution
High Housing
Density
Far from Roads
In or Near
Sensitive Areas
High Visual
Exposure
…build on this
single factor
Avoid areas of…
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Siting Model Flowchart (Model Logic)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Siting Model Flowchart (Model Logic)
Model logic is captured in a flowchart where the boxes represent maps and lines identify processing steps leading to a spatial solution
Step 1
Identify overall Discrete Preference (1 good to 9 bad rating)
Step 3
Identify the Most Preferred Route from the end location
End
Start
Step 2
Generate an Accumulated Preference surface from the starting location to everywhere
Start
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Step 1 Discrete Preference Map
Calibration
Weighting
HDensity
RProximity
SAreas
VExposure
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Step 2 Accumulated Preference Map
Splash Algorithm – like tossing a stick into a pond with waves emanating out and accumulating costs as the wave front moves
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Step 3 Most Preferred Route
…steepest downhill path “re-traces” the accumulated cost wave front that got there first
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Generating Optimal Path Corridors
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

13. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Power and Pipeline Routing (Advanced GIS Models)
Infusing stakeholder perspectives into Calibration and Weighting
…of Engineering considerations, Natural Environment consequences and Built Environment impacts
…see Application Paper \GW04_routing
Global routing solution identifies the Optimal Route (blue line) and Optimal Corridor (cross-hatched)
…see Application Paper \GITA_Oil&Gas_04
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Real World Routing Application (Processing Schematic)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Real World Routing Application (Processing Schematic)
Simulations
5) The best route and corridor is determined for conditions favoring each group’s perspective and one where all are equally weighted–
Four alternative routes reflecting different perspectives
B E N (avg)
1) Locations that prohibit siting are eliminated from consideration
Exclusions
B E N
B E N
B E N
Weighting
Stakeholder
Groups
4) Relative importance weights for the Criteria Maps within each group are used to calculate an overall preference map
Built
Engr.
Natural
Excluded
Criteria
3) The categories on each Criteria Map are calibrated to a range of 1=best to 9= worst for siting a transmission line
Calibration
etc.
etc.
etc.
Proximity
Buildings
Building
Density
Visual
Exposure
Proximity
Schools
Existing
Utilities
Trans-
poration
Land
Cover
Proximity
Excluded
Flood-
plane
Slope
Hydro-
graphy
Public
Lands
Categories
2) Information that influence transmission line siting are identified
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Identifying the Routing Decision Space
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Combining alternative corridors identifies the decision space reflecting various perspectives
Weighting one stakeholder group over the others derives Alternative Corridors that emphasize stakeholder particular concerns
E=1 N=1 B=5
E=1 N=5 B=1
E=5 N=1 B=1
E=1 N=1 B=1
…the routing decision space is identified by combining the Alternative Corridors
GeoWorld magazine feature article on the EPRI_GTC project
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Acquire Additional Detailed Field Data
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
The Siting Team collects additional very detailed field data within the decision space defined by the Alternative Corridors
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Investigating the Alternative Routes (GIS-derived )
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Standardized Alternative Routes
Built
Natural
Engineering
Simple
“Simple” Discrete Preference Surface shown as background …
avoid areas in warmer tones
(red) and favor locating in
cooler tones (green)
…based on the detailed field data, the Siting Team investigates the impacts of the Alternative Routes
Built-up Area (avoid)
Less Suitable
Open Field
(favor)
More Suitable
Note: if the additional detailed data warrants, the Siting Team can re-locate portions of the GIS-derived Alternative Routes but a formal statement of the reasons are required; alignment of a potential route outside of the decision space requires an exception petition (analogous to land use re-zoning)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. Evaluating Potential Routes (selecting the Preferred)
Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Evaluating Potential Routes (selecting the Preferred)
…the relative merits of top few potential routes are discussed by the Siting Team and then ranked to identify the most preferred route
GIS-derived Scores
Expert Judgment
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

19. The Softer Side of GIS (Beyond Mapping III Epilog)
Philosopher's Levels of
Understanding
Data
– all facts
Information
– facts within
a context
Knowledge
– interrelationships among relevant facts
Wisdom
– actionable
knowledge
Prescription  Increasing Abstraction — Description
Cognitive Levels of Judgment
Facts
– Earth circumference is 24,900 mi
– Britney Spears was born 12/2/1981
– Britney Spears is 25 years old
– the temperature is 32o F :
Relevant Facts
– the temperature
is 32o F
Perception
– it sure is cold
(Floridian)
– it’s not cold
(Alaskan)
Opinions/Values
– I hate this weather
– I love this weather
Spatial Processing
Collect
– direct acquisition of primary information (e.g. elevation)
Calculate
– uses algorithms to derive secondary information
(e.g., slope)
Calibrate/Weight
– translates information into relative scales (preference & importance)
Simulate
– “what if” investigation of alternative scenarios
(multiple perspectives)
Map Types
Base
– measured features, conditions and characteristics
(fact)
Derived
– inferred conditions and characteristics (implied fact)
Interpreted
– adjusted to reflect expertise and presumption
(judgment)
Modeled
– potential solution within model logic and expression
(conjoined judgment)
Where we have been in GIS
Where we are headed in GIS

20. Workshop on GIS Modeling (Part 4)
Where Have We Been?
Computer Mapping -- Spatial dB Management -- GIS Modeling
From mapping to
Spatial Reasoning
Spatial Analysis — “contextual” relationships within and among mapped
data (Reclassify, Overlay, Distance, and Neighbors)
Surface Modeling — maps the “spatial distribution” and
pattern of point data (Map Generalization, Spatial Interpolation
and Others)
Data Mining — “numerical” relationships
within and among mapped data (Descriptive, Predictive,
and Prescriptive)
…changing our Map Paradigm
Thinking with Maps!
(Berry)
Joseph K. Berry, BA_SIS, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. More on Map Analysis and GIS Modeling
Online
Papers
Materials
Hardcopy
Books
Software
(Berry)