1. The future of antibiotics: facing antibiotic resistance
S.B. Levy 
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 
Volume 6, Pages (January 2000)
DOI: /j tb02059.x
Copyright © 2000 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Frequency of multidrug resistant S. pneumoniae in various countries in the 1990s. (Data organized from published studies; Marshall and Levy, in preparation.)
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2000 6, DOI: ( /j tb02059.x)
Copyright © 2000 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
The genetics of antibiotic resistance transfer. Resistance genes can enter new hosts via plasmids, phages or naked DNA. Once inside the cell, many resistance genes reside on transposons that can move from one DNA molecule to another.
(Adapted from Figure 4.3 in [2].)
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2000 6, DOI: ( /j tb02059.x)
Copyright © 2000 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
The effect of length of time on a single antibiotic on emergence of multidrug resistance. Chickens fed normal or oxytetracycline-laced feed were examined for drug resistant E. coli in their feces. With time, animals fed tetracycline-laced feed began to excrete organisms resistant to multiple antibiotics, including ampicillin, streptomycin and sulfonamides, in addition to tetracycline.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2000 6, DOI: ( /j tb02059.x)
Copyright © 2000 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Tetracycline accumulation by susceptible and resistant cells. 3H-Tc uptake was examined in isogenic E. coli cells with or without a resistance gene (Class B on Tn 10). With energy, the susceptible strain actively accumulated the drug, whereas the resistant strain kept it out. When de-energized (e.g. with DNP), both cells took up the same amount of tetracycline by diffusion (from [20]).
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2000 6, DOI: ( /j tb02059.x)
Copyright © 2000 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions