1. Hemodynamics of human carotid artery bifurcations: Computational studies with models reconstructed from magnetic resonance imaging of normal subjects 
Jaques S. Milner, BESc, Jennifer A. Moore, MSc, Brian K. Rutt, PhD, David A. Steinman, PhD 
Journal of Vascular Surgery 
Volume 28, Issue 1, Pages (July 1998)
DOI: /S (98)
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
A custom bilateral phased-array radio-frequency coil, indicating the multiple translational and rotational degrees of freedom. The inset shows the position of a volunteer in the coil.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

3. Fig. 2
A,Black blood MR image of a transverse slice through the neck of a normal human volunteer at a location just above the right carotid bifurcation apex. B, Cropped black blood images show the right carotid artery at selected locations inferior (a through e) and superior (f through i) to the bifurcation apex. JV identifies the jugular vein.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

4. Fig. 3
Magnitude (A) and phase (B) images at a location approximately 2 cm inferior to the bifurcation apex. Shown also are cropped phase and velocity images of the right common carotid artery (CCA) at 16 times that are equally spaced throughout the cardiac cycle (C). Notice the asymmetric velocity patterns, particularly evident in the third and fourth images, indicating the presence of undeveloped, helical flow in the CCA.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

5. Fig. 4
Stages in the reconstruction of model II. A, The lumen contours were derived from the MR images; the contour identified by the arrow corresponds to the terminal common carotid artery (CCA) contour. B, Interpolated and extension contours are added, highlighting the intersecting internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) terminal contours. C and D, Compare the matched surface-spline representation and surface of the quadratic, tetrahedral-volume finite element mesh.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

6. Fig. 5
Surface-shaded views of the two in vivo carotid bifurcation models reconstructed from black blood MRI and an idealized model. The common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and external carotid artery (ECA) flow rate waveforms were reconstructed from the phase-contrast images (models I and II) or assumed from the literature (idealized model).
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

7. Fig. 6
Time-averaged wall shear stress magnitude (normalized to the value at the common carotid artery) for the in vivo and idealized models. Anterior and posterior views are provided to identify asymmetries of the patterns. Notice the contour levels identified in the lower right corner.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

8. Fig. 7
Oscillatory shear index for the in vivo and idealized models. Notice the contour levels identified in the lower right corner.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

9. Fig. 8
Peak wall shear stress temporal gradient (normalized to the value at the common carotid artery) for the in vivo and idealized models. Notice the contour levels identified in the lower right corner.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

10. Fig. 9
Wall shear stress spatial gradient (normalized to the average inlet shear stress divided by the inlet radius) for the in vivo and idealized models. Notice the contour levels identified in the lower right corner.
Journal of Vascular Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (98) )
Copyright © 1998 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions