1. Energy & Transformations
THERMAL ENERGY & HEAT

2. Heat vs. Temperature
Thermal Energy: The total kinetic and potential energy of molecules of a substance.
Heat: A measure of the energy transferred from a warm body to a cooler one.
Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a substance.
Heat transfers naturally from an area of high temperature to low temperature.
Higher temperature = higher thermal energy

3. Methods of Heat Transfer
Conduction: The transfer of heat by direct contact.
Convection: The transfer of heat through a fluid.
Radiation: The transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves (EM).

4. Thermal Kinetic Energy & Temperature
We experience thermal KE as heat and heat is related to the temperature of a substance.
Formally, the heat being released (or absorbed) is given by the equation:
Specific Heat Capacity: A characteristic physical property, defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 10C.
Where:
Q = Heat transferred (J)
m = mass (kg)
∆T = change in temperature (0C)
c = specific heat capacity (J/ kg 0C)

5. Example #1
How much energy is required to raise g of gold by 130 C?

6. Example #2
Determine the temperature change of 7.54kg of concrete if 4542 J of thermal energy is lost.