1. Decode the following message.
C G C G G C C A T G T C
Codon
Codes for
AAA
a cat
AUC
ate
CAG/ CAC
brown
CCG
dog
GUA is
GCG my
UGG
old
UGA
STOP

2. Decode the following message.
C G C G G C C A T G T C
Change your code based on your assigned group and decode again.
GROUP 1- Change the last C to a G.
GROUP 2- Remove the last 3 bases. Replace them with TTT.
GROUP 3- Move the A between the two Cs.
GROUP 4- Remove the last 3 bases. Replace with ACC.
GROUP 5- Remove the last 6 bases. Replace with TAG TTT.
Codon
Codes for
AAA
a cat
AUC
ate
CAG/ CAC
brown
CCG
dog
GUA is
GCG my
UGG
old
UGA
STOP

3. Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it.

4. Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it.

5. Make observations about the change that has occurred from the normal strand to the one below it.

6. Gene Mutations: Substitution
Substitution= one nucleotide base pair substituted for another in a DNA sequence at single point (point mutation)
A change in one base pair = possible change in one amino acid sequence
G A T T T A
G A A T T A
G C T T T A
C U A A A U
C U U A A U
C G A A A U
Leu Asn
Leu Asn
(no change/silent mutation)
Arg Asn
(1 amino acid changed)

7. Gene Mutations: Insertion (Frameshift Mutation)
Insertion- one or more nucleotide base pairs added into a DNA sequence at a single point.
An insertion of one base pair causes a shift in the reading frame = One or more amino acids changed
Base Pair Inserted
C A C T T T G G T
G U G A A A C C A
C A C A T T T G G T
G U G U A A A C C A
Valine Lysine Proline
Valine STOP

8. Gene Mutations:Deletion (Frameshift Mutations)
Deletion - one or more nucleotide base pairs removed from a DNA sequence at single point.
An deletion of one base pair causes a shift in the reading frame = One or more amino acids changed
Base Pair Removed
C A C T T T G G T
G U G A A A C C A
C C T T T G G T
G G A A A C C A
Val Lys Pro
Gly Thr

9. Mutations & Location
Mutations in an unexpressed area of the chromosome will have no effect on the phenotype of an individual.
If mutations occur within the gametes, they can be inherited and expressed in the phenotype of an individual

10. What happens when errors occur?
An error occurs in transcription in 1 out of 100,000 base pairs transcribed.
When this occurs, an RNA polymerase known as pol II "backtracks," or reverses, along the transcript to remove the damaged nucleotides.

11. Gene vs. Chromosomal Mutations
Gene Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
Scale
Small-Scale
Large -Scale
Types
Substitution, Insertion, Deletion
Duplication, Deletion, Translocation, Inversion, Nondisjunction

12. Quickwrite
Would it be worse for an error to occur during DNA replication or transcription? Why?