Unit 3 A New Nation Part One: Politics!.

Unit 3 A New Nation Part One: Politics!

Articles of Confederation
The leaders were fearful of a powerful central government. The first government was designed to be weak. Most power would be shared with the states.

Articles of Confederation
THE ARTICLES WERE WEAK! No power to tax or regulate commerce. No ability to create a common currency. Each state had one vote, regardless of size. Difficult to pass laws and impossible to change. Shared too much power with states

Shay’s Rebellion-1786-87 Massachusetts Farmers
Federal government under the Articles of Confederation could not stop the rebellion! Articles of Confederation need to change!

Constitution Guiding Questions:
How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention balance competing interests? What compromises were reached at the Constitutional Convention?

Constitutional Convention
The territory was too vast to govern with a weak government The economy was in terrible shape Small border fights were occurring between some states There was no standard currency

Time to try again: A convention was called in Philadelphia to make necessary changes. All states except Rhode Island sent delegates.

Key Leaders: Key Leaders: George Washington
Washington presided at the convention and, although participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings.

James Madison, ―Father of the Constitution
A Virginian and a brilliant political philosopher, often led the debate and kept copious notes of the proceedings—the best record historians have of what transpired at the Constitutional Convention.

James Madison At the Convention, he authored the Virginia Plan, which proposed a federal government of three separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and became the foundation for the structure of the new government. – He later authored much of the Bill of Rights.

Key issues and their resolutions
Made federal law the supreme law of the land when constitutional, but otherwise gave the states considerable leeway to govern themselves

Balanced power between large and small states by creating a Senate, where each state has two senators, and a House of Representatives, where membership is based on population.

Placated the Southern states by counting slaves as three fifths of the population when determining representation in the United States House of Representatives

Avoided a too-powerful central government by establishing three co-equal branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—with numerous checks and balances among them.

Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Makes the Laws Enforces the laws Interprets the laws Congress President Courts

Numerous checks and balances are the rules that prevent one branch from being too powerful!
The Constitution limited the powers of the federal government to those identified in the Constitution. An orderly method of changing the Constitution by adding amendments has been included.

Struggle for Ratification

The Federalist Position (pro-ratification)
The federalists favored a strong national government that shared some power with the states. They argued that checks and balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the separate branches from acquiring more significant power. They believed that a strong national government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce and to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations.

The Federalist Position (pro-ratification)
They argued that a republic could survive in a territory as large as the United States because the numerous political factions would check each other, thereby preventing any one faction from gaining too much power. They also argued that a National Bill of Rights would be redundant, because the Constitution itself protected basic rights, and because most states already had bills of rights that clearly defined basic rights that the governments could not abolish.

Key Federalists Alexander Hamilton John Jay James Madison
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton to explain the Constitution and urge the ratification.

Anti-Federalists (anti-ratification)
The Anti-Federalists believed a strong national government would tend to take over the powers of the state governments, thereby concentrating too much power at the national level and too little at the state and local levels.

Anti-Federalists (anti-ratification)
They believed that notwithstanding the Federalists’ arguments, a national Bill of Rights was necessary and, during the ratifying conventions in several states, forced the federalists to pledge that a Bill of Rights would be the first order of business of the new government established by the constitution.

Key Anti-Federalists Richard Henry Lee Patrick Henry George Mason

A New Government The Constitution was ratified in 1788.
The Federalists promised to add a bill of rights as their first order of business.

Virginia’s Influence The major principles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights came from the Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) This outlined basic human rights which the government should not violate. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom ended the practice of a government supported church Written by Thomas Jefferson

The Bill of Rights: James Madison, a Virginian, consulted the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom when drafting the amendments that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights.

Legacies Ratification of the Constitution did not end debate on governmental power or how to create a more “perfect union”. Economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions spawned continuing debates over the meaning of the Constitution for generations—a debate that continues today. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights gave Americans a blueprint for successful self-government that has become a model for the rest of the world!

George Washington’s Presidency
Oath of Office

Creation of Three Executive Departments
State: foreign affairs; headed by Thomas Jefferson Treasury: money; headed by Alexander Hamilton War: defense; headed by Henry Knox One of the most important developments of Washington's first months in office was congressional creation of executive departments and the president's appointments to head them. An act establishing the State Department became law on 27 July; a measure creating the Department of War was approved early in August; and the Treasury Department was created on 2 September. Congress also provided for two executive officers who lacked a department: an attorney general and a postmaster general. To fill the former, the president chose Edmund Randolph, a Richmond lawyer, former governor of Virginia, and Antifederalist apostate of whom Washington was particularly fond personally. As postmaster general, Washington designated Samuel Osgood, whose assignment in those comparatively simple days was carried out in a single room with the aid of two clerks. The president's predictable candidate for the War Department was Henry Knox, who had administered the corresponding office under the Confederation. Although genial and cooperative, Knox proved to be the cabinet's least capable administrator and least independent and forceful member. Washington's choice for secretary of state came as something of a surprise: Thomas Jefferson, a fellow Virginian, who was on the eve of returning from France, where his service as United States minister since 1784 had earned him diplomatic distinction and Washington's esteem. To head the Treasury Department, the president called on a former aide-de-camp and one of the nation's foremost nationalists, Alexander Hamilton. The practice of presidential consultation with the cabinet collectively was to develop only slowly. At the outset, Washington solicited advice from his principal ministers individually, sometimes asking for reports on designated issues or occasionally inviting one or another to discuss matters over the breakfast table. By the end of 1791, the president had begun to convene meetings of heads of the executive departments (the attorney general included, largely because most high-level problems often involved legal issues). The group met with increasing frequency during the remainder of Washington's first term and frequently during his second. Washington went to cabinet meetings with an agenda in mind, thus restricting discussion to issues of his choosing and discouraging the introduction of unrelated subjects. He did not actively participate in cabinet meetings, leaving debate to his ministers, whose opinions he occasionally requested in writing. Once he reached a decision, he expected his heads of departments to carry it out without dissent.

Judiciary Act of 1789 Created the Supreme Court and other Federal courts The Judiciary Act of One of the first acts of the new Congress was to establish a federal court system in the Judiciary Act of The Constitution provided ... The existence of a separate federal judiciary had been controversial during the debates over the ratification of the Constitution. Anti-Federalists had denounced the judicial power as a potential instrument of national tyranny. Indeed, of the ten amendments that eventually became the Bill of Rights, five (the fourth through the eighth) dealt primarily with judicial proceedings. Even after ratification, some opponents of a strong judiciary urged that the federal court system be limited to a Supreme Court and perhaps local admiralty judges. The Congress, however, decided to establish a system of federal trial courts with broader jurisdiction, thereby creating an arm for enforcement of national laws within each state.

Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Created protective tariffs to promote industry Established the National Bank to provide the nation with stable currency Created an excise tax on whiskey to raise revenue Whose on the 1, 5? 20? 10? 50?Presidents Washington ($1), Lincoln ($5), Jackson ($20), and Grant ($50) all appear on currency. But what about this guy Alexander Hamilton on the ten-spot? How did he get there? A sawbuck says you'll know the answer after reading this piece. A major problem facing the first federal government was how to deal with the financial chaos created by the American Revolution. States had huge war debts. There was runaway inflation. Almost all areas of the economy looked dismal throughout the 1780s. Economic hard times were a major factor creating the sense of crisis that produced the stronger central government under the new Constitution. George Washington chose the talented Alexander Hamilton, who had served with him throughout the Revolutionary War, to take on the challenge of directing federal economic policy as the treasury secretary. Hamilton is a fascinating character whose ambition fueled tremendous success as a self-made man. Born in the West Indies to a single mother who was a shopkeeper, he learned his first economic principles from her and went on to apprentice for a large mercantile firm. From these modest origins, Hamilton would become the foremost advocate for a modern capitalist economy in the early national United States. Hamilton's influential connections were not just with Washington, but included a network of leading New York merchants and financiers. His 1780 marriage to Elizabeth Schuyler, from a wealthy Hudson River valley land holding family, deepened his ties to rich and powerful leaders in New York. His innovative financial policies helped overcome the fiscal problems of the Confederacy, and also benefited an economic elite with which he had close ties. The first issue that Hamilton tackled as Washington's secretary of the treasury concerned the problem of public credit. Governments at all levels had taken on so much debt during the Revolution. The commitment to pay them back was not taken very seriously. By the late 1780s, the value of such public securities had plunged to a small fraction of their face value. In other words, state IOU's — the money borrowed to finance the Revolution — were viewed as nearly worthless. Hamilton issued a bold proposal. The federal government should pay off all Confederation (state) debts at full value. Such action would dramatically enhance the legitimacy of the new central government. To raise money to pay off the debts, Hamilton would issue new securities bonds). Investors who had purchased these public securities could make enormous profits when the time came for the United States to pay off these new debts. The spinning jenny was one of several major technological innovations that made British textiles such an economic force. Hamilton's vision for reshaping the American economy included a federal charter for a national financial institution. He proposed a Bank of the United States. Modeled along the lines of the Bank of England, a central bank would help make the new nation's economy dynamic through a more stable paper currency. The central bank faced significant opposition. Many feared it would fall under the influence of wealthy, urban northeasterners and speculators from overseas. In the end, with the support of George Washington, the bank was chartered with its first headquarters in Philadelphia. The third major area of Hamilton's economic plan aimed to make American manufacturers self-sufficient. The American economy had traditionally rested upon large-scale agricultural exports to pay for the import of British manufactured goods. Hamilton rightly thought that this dependence on expensive foreign goods kept the American economy at a limited level, especially when compared to the rapid growth of early industrialization in Great Britain. Rather than accept this condition, Hamilton wanted the United States to adopt a mercantilist economic policy. This would protect American manufacturers through direct government subsidies (handouts to business) and tariffs (taxes on imported goods). This protectionist policy would help fledgling American producers to compete with inexpensive European imports. Hamilton possessed a remarkably acute economic vision. His aggressive support for manufacturing, banks, and strong public credit all became central aspects of the modern capitalist economy that would develop in the United States in the century after his death. Nevertheless, his policies were deeply controversial in their day. Many Americans neither like Hamilton's elitist attitude nor his commitment to a British model of economic development. His pro-British foreign policy was potentially explosive in the wake of the Revolution. Hamilton favored an even stronger central government than the Constitution had created and often linked democratic impulses with potential anarchy. Finally, because the beneficiaries of his innovative economic policies were concentrated in the northeast, they threatened to stimulate divisive geographic differences in the new nation. Regardless, Hamilton's economic philosophies became touchstones of the modern American capitalist economy.

The Bank of the United States
Proposed by Alexander Hamilton in 1791 Chartered for 20 years Northern industries needed a bank as a base for manufacturing. Southern agriculturalists did not need a bank. Many thought the north AND the federal government would grow too strong with a National Bank.

Whiskey Rebellion Farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey and attacked tax collectors. Washington made 15,000 militia men into federal troops and put down the rebellion. As a result, the Federal government showed its new power.

Neutrality Act of 1793 Said the United States would not get involved in the war between France and Britain When war was declared between France and England in 1793, Washington took Hamilton's view that the United States should completely disregard the treaty of alliance with France and pursue a course of strict neutrality, while he acted decisively to stop the improper operations of the French minister, Edmond-Charles Genet. He had a firm belief that the United States must insist on its national identity, strength, and dignity. His object, he wrote, was to keep the country “free from political connections with every other country, to see them independent of all, and under the influence of none. In a word, I want an American character that the powers of Europe may be convinced that we act for ourselves, and not for others.” In early 1796, President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term and began drafting this farewell address to the American people. The address went through numerous drafts, in large part due to suggestions made by Alexander Hamilton. In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia’s American Daily Advertiser on September 19, Washington’s final manuscript is at The New York Public Library. George Washington gave this address 216 years ago this year. He then rode off to Mount Vernon and died three years later. He didn’t go on speaking tours for money. He didn’t write a best seller. He warned the citizens against getting involved in foreign entanglements. He counseled for friendship and commerce with all nations. He warned against partisan political parties. He told the citizens that morality was the most important virtue a country could have.

George Washington's Nuetrality

Washington’s Farewell Address (1797)
George Washington’s final advice to the United States was that the U.S. should Be neutral. Remain united. Avoid permanent alliances. Not have political parties. In early 1796, President George Washington decided not to seek reelection for a third term and began drafting this farewell address to the American people. The address went through numerous drafts, in large part due to suggestions made by Alexander Hamilton. In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia’s American Daily Advertiser on September 19, Washington’s final manuscript is at The New York Public Library. George Washington gave this address 216 years ago this year. He then rode off to Mount Vernon and died three years later. He didn’t go on speaking tours for money. He didn’t write a best seller. He warned the citizens against getting involved in foreign entanglements. He counseled for friendship and commerce with all nations. He warned against partisan political parties. He told the citizens that morality was the most important virtue a country could have.

Development of the first political parties
Federalists Led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton Believed in a strong national government and an industrial economy Supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast Democratic-Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson Believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy Supported by farmers, artisans, and fronteir settlers in the South

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

John Adams’s Presidency

The Election of 1796 John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson for the presidency. Jefferson became the vice-president.

Alien and Sedition Acts
1798 The President could imprison or deport aliens (citizens of other countries). People who wrote anything of “a scandalous and malicious nature” against the government could be imprisoned. Used to silence critics of the Federalist party (i.e., the Democratic-Republicans) Sedition Act Under the threat of war with France, Congress in 1798 passed four laws in an effort to strengthen the Federal government. Known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts, the legislation sponsored by the Federalists was also intended to quell any political opposition from the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson. The first of the laws was the Naturalization Act, passed by Congress on June 18. This act required that aliens be residents for 14 years instead of 5 years before they became eligible for U.S. citizenship. Congress then passed the Alien Act on June 25, authorizing the President to deport aliens "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States" during peacetime. The third law, the Alien Enemies Act, was enacted by Congress on July 6. This act allowed the wartime arrest, imprisonment and deportation of any alien subject to an enemy power. The last of the laws, the Sedition Act, passed on July 14 declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. By virtue of this legislation twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down. One of the men arrested was Benjamin Franklin's grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache, editor of the Philadelphia Democrat-Republican Aurora. Charged with libeling President Adams, Bache's arrest erupted in a public outcry against all of the Alien and Sedition Acts. Many Americans questioned the constitutionality of these laws. Indeed, public opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts was so great that they were in part responsible for the election of Thomas Jefferson, a Republican, to the presidency in Once in office, Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under the Sedition Act, while Congress restored all fines paid with interest.

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
Virginia and Kentucky declared the Alien and Sedition Acts “null” because they violated the Bill of Rights. The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed as internal security laws, restricting ALIENS and limiting FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, based on the assumption in 1798 that the United States might soon be at war with France. Though the acts were widely popular, THOMAS JEFFERSON (then vice president in the administration of JOHN ADAMS) and JAMES MADISON (one of the primary architects of the U.S. Constitution) opposed the measures. They expressed their opposition through the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves. Madison drafted the Virginia Resolves (December 21, 1798), and Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolves (November 10, 1798, and November 14, 1799), though their roles were not disclosed to the public for twenty-five years. The resolves expressed the Republicans' theory of the limited nature of the grant of power to the federal government under the U.S. Constitution. This theory was buttressed by the TENTH AMENDMENT, which stipulates that "powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

The Jay Treaty 1794 Resolved American-British issues leftover from the American Revolution Allowed for Britain’s anti-French maritime policies As Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the 1780s, John Jay confronted many of the issues that would later be addressed by the treaty of 1794 that bore his name. Despite their signing the Treaty of Paris of 1783, both the British and Americans continued to breach its terms in a host of ways. Britain's continued occupation of military posts on American territory had Jay warning Congress to prepare for war in 1786 (see John Jay to Congress, 5/8/1786, Jay ID #4567). Jay was well aware, too, of demands by their former owners for the return of slaves taken by the British. For their part, in contravention of the treaty's terms, American state courts impeded the collection of debts owed the British and upheld the confiscation of Loyalist estates. Jay himself, in a report that he prepared for Congress, affirmed that the Americans had been first to breach the peace treaty, an opinion that he indiscreetly shared with Sir John Temple, the British consul general in New York. The failings of the states in these matters contributed powerfully to Jay's support for a strengthened national government, a government that might, in addition, be able to negotiate a commercial treaty with Britain, something that had proved impossible under the Articles of Confederation (see John Adams to John Jay, 7/19/1785, Jay ID #11846). By 1794 a turbulent international context augmented these residual tensions. Now at war with France, Britain had by an Order in Council issued on November 6, 1793, widened its attacks on neutral ships to include any trading with the French West Indies. Widespread depredations followed – over 250 American ships were seized. At much the same time, news arrived of British incitement of Indians on the Northwest border. President Washington responded to these threats by urging Congress to take defensive measures while at the same time sending an envoy to London to explore the possibility of reaching an accommodation with the British. John Jay, by that time the Chief Justice, was chosen for the mission (see George Washington to John Jay, 4/19/1794, Jay ID #4962). Jay was briefed by Alexander Hamilton to seek compensation for spoliations of American ships and to clarify the rules governing British seizure of vessels. He was also to insist that the British relinquish their posts in the Northwest and so adhere to the terms of the Treaty of Paris. In return, the United States would take responsibility for pre-Revolutionary debts owed to British merchants and others. In addition, if possible, Jay was to seek limited access for American ships to the British West Indies (see Alexander Hamilton to John Jay, 5/6/1794, Jay ID #10765). Arriving in London in the summer of 1794 (see John Jay to Edmund Randolph, 6/23/1794, Jay ID #4272), Jay found it difficult to secure the British ministry's full attention. War with France, after all, took precedence over negotiations with the largely impotent United States. Eventually proceeding through several drafts (see John Jay to Lord Grenville, 8/6/1794, Jay ID #3991, Lord Grenville to John Jay, 8/30/1794, Jay ID #8531, and John Jay to Edmund Randolph, 9/13/1794, Jay ID #4312), the treaty that emerged from these discussions was a bit of a mixed bag, but probably the best America could have hoped for, given the realities of the situation. Jay made little headway in attempts to get compensation for slaves taken by the British during the War of Independence and was unable to secure British recognition of the neutral rights of American ships. Neither did he succeed in persuading the British to remove their naval vessels from the Great Lakes or desist from aiding the Indians during times of war. Nonetheless, he did achieve the key objectives outlined by Hamilton. The British were to relinquish their military posts on the Northwest frontier, mixed commissions were to resolve the spoliation, pre-Revolutionary debt, and boundary issues, while vessels under seventy tons would be allowed access to the markets of the British West Indies for a limited number of years. Jay's concessions on the West India question, as well as agreement to surrender the right of commercial retaliation for ten years, fueled opposition to the treaty when its terms were leaked by a Democratic Republican senator and so became known to the wider public in the summer of For the incipient Republican interest, any concessions to the British were intolerable. Meetings were organized to denounce the treaty, Jay was burned in effigy, and Republican newspapers railed against the treaty's perceived surrender to the British. As Jay himself realized, differences in the way the treaty was received played a significant role in the development of political parties (see John Jay to General Henry Lee, 7/11/1795, Jay ID #12870). Though the opposition was intense, it was also short lived. By 1796, after the treaty had been ratified, America was enjoying a buoyant prosperity as a result of its dominance of the Atlantic carrying trade while European powers continued to wage war. Moreover, with the removal of the British from their posts, Americans began to pour into the Old Northwest to settle rich farm lands. By 1796, then, many Americans had come to view the Jay Treaty as a significant success.

Outline Quiz 1) How did the outcome of the election of 1800 lead to the passage of the twelfth amendment? 2) How did Jefferson simplify the presidency? 3) How did America gain the Louisiana territory? 4) What part of the country did Lewis and Clark explore?

The Election of 1800 Won by Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican
First time power transferred peacefully from one political party to another The election of 1800 was a difficult one without a clear winner. The votes were very close, a sign of how divided the people were over which future course the nation should take. Federalist John Adams received 65 electoral votes. Jefferson and fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr both received 73 electoral votes. (Because of the way electoral votes were cast at the time, electors could vote for more than one candidate and not indicate whether they were voting for president or vice president. The resulted was a tie.) The election was forced to the House of Representatives to break the tie vote. © 2008 †he çolonial Â ƒoundation Finally, after 36 ballots separate ballots are cast, Jefferson won the election by one vote. Aaron Burr became vice president. The election of 1800 was remarkable for a number of reasons. It marked the first time that power was peacefully transferred from one political party to another. Though both sides believed the election was crucial to the survival of the nation, the departing Federalists left government quietly. The Democratic-Republicans reversed many Federalist policies, but did not attempt to destroy the Federalist Party. The Federalist Party pulled itself apart from within as splinter factions continued to struggle for what little power remained. The peaceful transition of power set a pattern for future elections. Though not apparent at the time, the idea that one party could leave government peacefully also implied it could return. A minority party could still have influence and power in a democracy as long as it had some support from the people. Similarly, the election also proved that citizens could successfully change the course of the government when they saw fit. The deadlocked election brought about a change to the Constitutional. The Twelfth Amendment called for electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president. [Prior to this change, electors voted for two candidates for president, with the person receiving the most votes becoming president and the second-place candidate vice president. Such a practice could lead not only to a tie vote, as in the 1800 election, but also to the awkward circumstance of political rivals having to serve as partners in the executive branch.]

The Westward Movement Americans settled into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas Economic opportunity – land! The growth of railroads and canals helped the growth of an industrial economy and supported the westward movement. During jefferson’s presidency, americans continued their westwardd migration across the appalachians. For instance, between 1800 and 1810, the population of ohio grew from to 231,000. Pianeer life was hard, but pioneers kept coming. Most of the settlers who arrived in Ohio, kentucky, and tenneesee came through the cumberland gap, a natural passage through the appalachians near where kentucky, tennesee, and virginia meet.

The Louisiana Purchase
Purchased in 1803 3 cents an Acre!?! Doubled the size of the United States overnight Explorers: Lewis and Clark Shoshone guide: Sacajawea In 1800, napoleon bonaparte of france persuaded spain to return the louisiana territory, which it had received from france in When news of the secret transfer leaked out, americans reacted with alarm. Jefferosn ffeared that a strong french prescense in the midcontinent would force the us into an alliance with britiain. Jefferson wanted to resolve the problem by buying new orleans and western flordia form the french. He sent james monroe to join american ambassador robert livingston to paris. Before monroe arrived however, napoleon had abanded his hopes for an american empire. By the time that monroe arrived in paris in april 1803, napoleon had decided to esll the entire louisiana territory to the United states. With no time to consult their government, monroe nad livingston went ahead and closed the deal for 15$. Jefferson, though, was not certain that the purchase was constittional.

15 million dollars for Doubling the United States
15 million dollars for Doubling the United States? What else could you buy? What did the United States get in exchange for $15 million? First of all, the United States was already the largest republic in the world – even without the territory of Louisi- ana. It was the largest country geographically and could be divided into several parts: east coast and west coast, old and new, seaboard and interior. At the single stroke of a pen, the territory of Louisiana doubled the area of the United States and allowed for greater expansion by settlers. Jefferson prematurely commented that the territory was blessed “with room enough...for all descend[ants] to the 1,000th and 1,000th generation” to spread out. Finally, the French presence in America was no longer a threat to security. However, the Spanish continued to hold parts of Florida and present-day Texas but the United States government immediately began placing pressure on them to obtain these areas. For the most part, Americans were thrilled with the purchase of new land. National pride replaced regional pride (at least for a time) and the self-confidence of the country grew within the American people. People wanted to move westward and this situation led to new problems: Could land be added to a federal republic by the president without the consent of the Congress? Could people living in Louisiana be made citizens of the United States without their consent? How could American institutions replace European laws that had been in place since the 16th century? How could potentially new states be bound together with the older ones? What would happen to the American Indians? Some of these questions would not be answered until the 20th century.

Lewis and Clark Explorers who set out to explore the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson stated that he would send an "intelligent officer" to explore the space. He decided to ask Meriwether Lewis, 27, Jefferson's personal secretary, who had never traveled further west than 50 miles of Monticello, VA. Jefferson was eager to explore the new territory. In 1803, he appointed meriwether leswis to lead the expedition he called the corps of discovery ffrom st.louis to the pacific coast. He ordered the corps to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals en route to the pacific and to learn as much as possible about the native american tribes encoutered along the way. Lewis chose william clark to be second in command. Starting off with some 50 soldiers and woodsmen, the expedition later beccame smaller but added a native american woman, sacajawea, who served as interpreter and guigde. The lewis and clark expedition took two eyars and four months and recorded invaluable information about the western territories. Lewis was sent to scholars in Philadelphia to prepare for the journey. No one really knew what the explorers would encounter. Lewis was told to watch out for prehistoric creatures, such as the "Great Claw," (a giant sloth) and living mammoths. Lewis was also told of a mountain made of salt and the possible existence of a Welsh tribe, a group of Anglo-Saxon explorers that disappeared in the wilderness. The explorers packed only the things that they needed the most. Supplies included: Indian gifts, camp supplies, clothing, weapons, scientific instruments, medicines, 150 lb. of "portable soup" (dried soup), and a four volume dictionary. The Corps of Discovery included 14 soldiers, 9 volunteers, York (Clark's slave), 2 French river men, an interpreter, and Lewis' 120 lb. dog, Seaman. They began the journey with a 55 ft. long keelboat, 2 pirogues (canoes), and open rowboats.

Sacajawea Indian guide for Lewis and Clark, served as translator

Supply List: What would you bring?
AMMUNITION ANATOMY BOOK ASTRONOMY BOOK BANDAGES FISH HOOKS  FLINT  HISTORY BOOK KNIVES  MEDICINE MOSQUITO NETTING NEEDLES BLANKETS BUTTONS COLORED BEADS COMPASS DICTIONARY DOGS PAPER  PENS  RED FABRIC RED PAINT RED-HANDLED KNIVES RIFFLES  RUFFLED SHIRTS TOBACCO TOMAHAWKS

Map Label all States and Territories
Color each territory/the Louisiana Purchase a different color Draw Lewis and Clark expedition arrows Follow the Key Exactly

The Judicial Branch Chief Justice John Marshall Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden Important legal precedents established by the Marshall Court strengthened the role of the United States Supreme Court as an equal branch of the national government. Born in Fauquier County, Virginia four years later. He served first as lieutenant, and after July, 1778, as captain in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. John Marshall spent the winter of with the troops in Valley Forge resigned his military commission and studied law, He took a leading part in the Virginia convention called to act in 1788 on the proposed Constitution of the United States. In 1795 he was offered the attorney-generalship by Washington and the position of the Minister to France in He declined both offers. He did spend the autumn and winter of in France as one of the three commissioners appointed by John Adams to adjust the differences between the young republic and the directory. The commission failed, but the course pursued by Marshall was approved in America. Because of the resentment felt by the public at large of the way the commission was treated in France, he returned to United States exceedingly popular. This popularity and the advocacy of Patrick Henry aided his election as a Federalist to the House of Representatives in the spring of 1799 even though the sentiments in Richmond were overwhelmingly in favor of the opposition of the Republican Party. He was Secretary of State under Adams from June 6, 1800 to March 4, In the meantime he had been appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, his commission bearing the date January 31. Thus while still Secretary he presided as Chief Justice

You have been elected the new Mayor of San Pedro
You have been elected the new Mayor of San Pedro. Before leaving office, the old mayor gave jobs to several of his political friends but the paperwork hasn’t made it to the personnel office yet. Should you 1) honor the jobs promised by the old mayor, or 2) cancel the jobs since they aren’t “officially” in the system yet?

You have been elected the new Mayor of San Pedro. Before leaving office, the old mayor gave jobs to several of his political friends but the paperwork hasn’t made it to the personnel office yet. What are the possible negatives to denying these people their jobs? What are the possible positives to allowing them to take these jobs?

You have been elected the new Mayor of San Pedro. Before leaving office, the old mayor gave jobs to several of his political friends but the paperwork hasn’t made it to the personnel office yet. Would it make a difference if the perspective employees had worked against you in the mayoral elections?

Marbury v Madison Judiciary Act of increased # of federal judges by 16 In an attempt to control future federal judicial decisions, Adams filled most of these positions with federalists Midnight Judges: Called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his presidency

Marbury v Madison Adam’s packing of the courts with Federalists angered Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) Since the documents authorizing some of the appointments had not been delivered by the time Adams left office, Jefferson argued that these appointments were invalid

Marbury v Madison William Marbury was one of the midnight judges who never received his official papers The judiciary Act of 1789 required the Supreme Court to order that the papers be delivered, and Marbury sued to enforce the provision Chief Justice Marshall decided that this provision of the act was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not empower the Supreme Court to issue such orders

Marbury v. Madison Established
Judicial Review – The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland Established
States cannot overrule federal government’s authority Maryland implied powers Ask students if they have ever experienced a conflict or struggle with their friends or classmates over making a decision. Take student responses and ask them to describe their experiences. Explain that just as they might have had a clash over a decision with their classmates, the national government and the states have experienced a similar power struggle. What was at the root of the conflict? Answer: The state of Maryland believed that the federal government did not have the constitutional power to establish a national bank. In response, the state passed a law that would tax the national bank and hinder its profitability. James McCulloch refused to pay the tax in defense of the federal government's right to develop the bank.   What did the Court decide in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland? What reasons did the Court give for its decision? Answer: The Court ruled in favor of the federal government. Applying the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution, the federal government had the power to create the bank in order to regulate and encourage interstate commerce. In addition, the state could not tax a "national entity.” In 1816, Congress enacted legislation to create the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank was established in Philadelphia. Lesson Plan Constitutionality of a Central Bank ©2012, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Permission is granted to reprint or photocopy this lesson in its entirety for educational purposes, provided the user credits the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2 • In 1818, the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore, Maryland. • State banks in Maryland did not want the Second Bank operating in Maryland. The Maryland legislature attempted to restrict competition by imposing a tax on any business not chartered by the state of Maryland. • The Baltimore Branch refused to pay the tax and the state sued. The Maryland courts upheld the tax. The state of Maryland argued that “the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks.” That is, the argument was that because the Constitution did not explicitly give the federal government the authority to charter a bank, the power to do so was reserved for the states. As a result, the state of Maryland held that the Second Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. The Maryland courts upheld the state’s position and the case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. • The U.S. Supreme Court saw two questions: (1) Does Congress have the power under the Constitution to incorporate a bank even though that power is not explicitly granted in the Constitution? (2) Does the state of Maryland (or any state) have the power to tax an institution created by Congress as a result of congressional powers established by the Constitution? Justice John Marshall concluded that the Constitution was the act of the people of each of the states. He reasoned that states had assembled delegates who specifically represented the people of their state and thus acted on behalf of those people to approve the Constitution and the federal government; thus, both state and federal governments are derived from the people. • The Constitution does not give Congress the expressed power to charter a bank; however, the Constitution does grant Congress the powers to tax and to spend, to borrow money, and “to coin Money [and] regulate the Value thereof” (Article I, Section 8, Clause 5). • The Constitution leaves it up to Congress to determine the appropriate means by which those powers should be exercised (unless specifically prohibited). • The Constitution also grants Congress the power to adopt “all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any Department or Officer thereof” (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18). • Concerning the question of Maryland’s power to tax the Second Bank, the Court held that the “power to tax is the power to destroy,” and therefore taxing the Second Bank of the United States violated the Constitution as the supreme law of the land as described in Article VI, Clause 2, which is known as the supremacy clause. Thus, the Supreme Court ruled the Maryland law was unconstitutional and upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States. The decision established an important legal precedent concerning the powers of Congress and the balance of power between state governments and the federal government.

Gibbons v. Ogden Supported the commerce clause
Gibbons v. Ogden, case decided in 1824 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Aaron Ogden, the plaintiff, had purchased an interest in the monopoly to operate steamboats that New York state had granted to Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston. Ogden brought suit in New York against Thomas Gibbons, the defendant, for operating a rival steamboat service between New York City and the New Jersey ports. Gibbons lost his case and appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed the decision. At issue was the scope of the commerce clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; this provides that Congress shall have the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." Chief Justice John Marshall held that the New York monopoly was an unconstitutional interference with the power of Congress over interstate commerce. He condemned the view that the states and the federal government are equal sovereignties. Federal power is specifically enumerated, but within its sphere Congress is supreme. State legislation may be enacted in areas reserved to the federal government only if concurrent jurisdiction is feasible (as in the case of taxation). The decision was highly influential in its explication of the federal structure of the United States. Read more: Gibbons v. Ogden — Infoplease.com

War of 1812 Before: Jefferson’s Presidency:
Renewed fighting between Britain and France threatened American shipping. Great Britain decided that the best way of attacking Napoleon’s Europe was to seal up its ports and prevent ships from entering or leaving By 1807 Britain had seized more than 1,000 American ships and confiscated their cargoes

James Madison and the War of 1812
In 1808, Madison was elected president. By 1812, President Madison had decided to go to war against Britain He believed that Britain was trying to strangle American trade and cripple the American economy. Congress approved the war declaration.

British Burn the White House
By 1814, the British were raiding and burning towns all along the Atlantic Coast. In retaliation for the U.S. victory at the Battle of York, the British burned the Capitol, the White House, and other public buildings. Madison and other officials had to flee Burning of Washington

Treaty of Ghent Signed on Christmas Eve 1814, British and American diplomats signed a peace agreement.

Causes of The War of 1812 British interference with American shipping and westward expansionism Federalists opposed Madison’s war resolution and talked of secession and proposed constitutional amendments that were not acted upon

The War of 1812 American victory over the British
During Madison’s presidency Produced an American claim to Oregon Territory Increased migration of American settlers into Florida (later acquired by treaty from Spain)

Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

Star Spangled Banner Maya Rudolph Lyrics The Star-spangled banner, the National Anthem of the United States of America is a poem inspired by the Battle of Baltimore, fought on September 12-14, 1814 during the War of 1812. During the British campaign against Washington, D.C., an elderly and respected physician, Dr. William Beanes was arrested for unfriendly acts toward the British soldiers which resulted in his arrest. Francis Scott Key, a prominent lawyer and friend of Dr. Beanes was sent by President James Madison to obtain his release. Following negotiations, the British agreed to release Beanes. However, since the British were going to attack Baltimore, Maryland next, they would allow no one to go ashore. The British landed soldiers on September 12 and engaged in a brisk land battle, however, they were not able to capture Baltimore. As part of a two pronged attack, the British now sent their naval fleet to attack and destroy the port city. The main defense of Baltimore harbor was Fort McHenry. For 25 hours the British fleet fired rockets and bombs at the fort. The fort's defenders bravely withstood the bombardment and did not surrender. The British realized they could not take Baltimore without paying for it with heavy casualties. Since they were not willing to pay this price, they departed from Baltimore. During the bombardment, Key was down river and while watching was inspired to write a poem that tells the story of the battle. When he reached Baltimore he finished the poem. Key wrote the poem to match the meter tobe sung to an old English tune To Anacreon in Heaven. The song slowly grew in popularity and was well known and used by both sides during the Civil war. In later years it was very popular with the military and it was used as an "unofficial" national anthem. During World War I, the song became so widely accepted that a drive resulted in the Congress making it the National Anthem in 1931. The National Museum of American History, which is part of the Smithsonian Institution, displays in its main lobby the Star-Spangled Banner which is 30 feet wide and 42 long. Each star is two feet from point to point and each stripe is two feet wide. Because of its deteriorated condition, most Americans have long assumed that this flag flew during the battle. However, historians using both British and American sources have found that during the battle there was a late summer storm which would have prevented the 1260 square foot woolen flag from being flown. A 17 by 25 storm flag would have been the size of the actual flag flying during the battle. The large flag, however, was raised the following morning as the British were departing from Baltimore. This would have been the flag Key would have seen when entered Baltimore. The manuscript that Key wrote was not on the back of an envelope, they had not yet been invented. The original manuscript is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore. Fort McHenry still stands and it is part of the National Park Service. The fort is the only site to have both a national monument and historic shrine disignation.

Why are so many people looking at the flag in the photograph
Why are so many people looking at the flag in the photograph? What do students notice about the condition of the flag? How many stars were there all together? What could have happened to the damaged star? What in the classroom can help us visualize the size of the stars in this flag, which are two feet across? How big does that make the whole flag? Why would a flag meant to fly at a fort be made so large? What may have caused the present condition of the flag? How can you tell?

Chapter 7 Section 2 Outline Quiz
1) How did the Supreme court limit the power of the states? 2) What did the Monroe Doctrine state? 3) For what reason did many settlers move westward? 4) How did the Missouri Compromise temporarily settle the debate over slavery?

The Monroe Doctrine: Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy
Chief Justice Marshall guided the Supreme Court to decisions that increased the power of the federal government over the state government. At the same time, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams established foreign policy guided by nationalism- the belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries

James Monroe: Before he was President
Revolutionary War Vet Twice Governor of Virginia Senator As a diplomat he helped engineer the Louisiana Purchase Secretary of State

“The Era of Good Feelings”
Rapid Economic expansionism Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin What did it lead to? cotton gin led to the spread of the slavery-based cotton kingdom in the Deep South. Was the Era of Good Feelings Rightly named? With the great foreign disputes settled and the nation comfortably accepting the one party rule, monroe’s years were later dubbed the era of good feelings.

Monroe Doctrine After Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon in 1815, these European powers wanted to reclaim their former colonies in Latin America. Russians had been in Alaska since 1784, were establishing trading posts in what is now California. the United States knew it had to do something.

Monroe Doctrine Most notable milestone in his administration came in an address given to congress in 1823. Act of Isolationism? Changing world order?

The Monroe Doctrine (1823) The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers. Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies. The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. The United States would not interfere in European affairs.

New Political Parties Whigs Congressional Supremacy
Economic Protectionism Know-Nothings Anti-Immigration Native Americans favored this group Democrats Evolved from the Democratic-Republicans Favored states’ rights Agricultural economy

Hook – Write one sentence to answer each question.
How can art be used to portray ideas? What do you see in the painting? What is happening in the painting? What groups are represented? Imagine that you are an American Indian artist. How might you paint this picture depicting an American Indian viewpoint? What would you title the piece? What American idea does this painting represent? American Progress By John Gast

“The Age of the Common Man”
Heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for white adult males The rise of interest group politics and sectional issues A changing style of campaigning Increased voter participation

Andrew Jackson Personified the “democratic spirit”
Challenged economic elites Rewarded campaign supporters (The Spoils System)

Texas American migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule Famous battle – Alamo At the Alamo, Texans fought to the last man against a vastly superior force. Texas eventually won a victory over Mexico. Texas was admitted to the Union. Most of the men and women who moved to the Texas territory were colonizers who came in search of wealth and adventure, eager to grab up the land Mexico was handing out by the acre. In doing so, they agreed to convert to Catholicism and become Mexican citizens. Few did either. Once in Texas, they also realized there was much money to be made in Mexico's cotton industry. Their problem of labor involved was quickly solved through slavery which Mexico had banned. Shocked by the rapidly rising rate of white immigration and disgusted by their use of slavery, the Mexican government started slapping on restrictions, which were ignored. The battle of the Alamo was fought over issues like Federalism, slavery, immigration rights, the cotton industry and above all, money. General Santa Ana arrived at San Antonio; his Mexican army with some justice regarded the Texans as murderous barbarians. Many of the American settlers ("Texians" they were called) were Southerners who believed in and practiced slavery. Through a series of battles on April 21, 1836 Santa Anna's force of about 1,200 was over-run in broad daylight by a sudden attack on its camp by Sam Houston's entire Texan force, then numbering 918. With the Texan camp only about a mile away over open terrain, Santa Anna had apparently posted no sentinels before retiring for a siesta and letting his tired troops do the same. The Texans lost nine dead and 30 wounded. Houston, who led from the front, lost two horses and was shot in the foot. Santa Anna, captured the next day in the bushes, agreed to recognize Texas independence and ordered all Mexican forces to evacuate the lone star state. The Battle of the Alamo cost the Texans the entire man garrison. Mexican casualties are disputed but were approximately 600 killed and wounded. While Travis and Bowie were killed in the fighting, Crockett's death is a subject of controversy. While some sources state that he was killed during the battle, others indicate that he was one of the seven survivors executed on Santa Anna's orders. Following his victory at the Alamo, Santa Anna moved quickly to destroy Sam Houston's small Texas Army. Outnumbered, Houston began retreating towards the US border. Moving with a flying column of 1,400 men, Santa Anna encountered the Texans at San Jacinto on April 21, Charging the Mexican camp, and yelling "Remember the Alamo," Houston's men routed Santa Anna's troops. The next day, Santa Anna was captured effectively securing Texan independence.

Mexican-American War 1840s
Led to the acquisition of an enormous territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico The Alamo A conflict that occurred as the result of Mexican resentment over the US annexation of Texas and a border dispute, the Mexican-American War represents the only major military dispute between the two nations. The war was fought primarily in northeastern and central Mexico and resulted in a decisive American victory. As a result of the war, Mexico was forced to cede its northern and western provinces, which today comprise a significant portion of the western United States.

Manifest Destiny The belief that it was America’s divine mission to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Manifest Destiny decimated the American Indian population – “Trail of Tears” Like the Massachusetts Puritans who hoped to build a "city upon a hill, "courageous pioneers believed that America had a divine obligation to stretch the boundaries of their noble republic to the Pacific Ocean. Independence had been won in the Revolution and reaffirmed in the War of The spirit of nationalism that swept the nation in the next two decades demanded Clearly apparent to the sight or understanding; obvious. more territory. The "every man is equal" mentality of the Jacksonian Era fueled this optimism. Now, with territory up to the Mississippi River claimed and settled and the Louisiana Purchase explored, Americans headed west in droves. Newspaper editor JOHN O'SULLIVAN coined the term "MANIFEST DESTINY" in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset. A symbol of Manifest Destiny, the figure "Columbia" moves across the land in advance of settlers, replacing darkness with light and ignorance with civilization. The religious fervor spawned by the Second Great Awakening created another incentive for the drive west. Indeed, many settlers believed that God himself blessed the growth of the American nation. The Native Americans were considered heathens. By Christianizing the tribes, American missionaries believed they could save souls and they became among the first to cross the Mississippi River. t the heart of manifest destiny was the pervasive belief in American cultural and racial superiority. Native Americans had long been perceived as inferior, and efforts to "civilize" them had been widespread since the days of John Smith and MILES STANDISH. The Hispanics who ruled Texas and the lucrative ports of California were also seen as "backward."

Let’s Debate! Highlights Vice-Presidential Debate SNL: Highlights
Jimmy Fallon

Part Two: Expansionism!
Unit 3 A New Nation Part Two: Expansionism!

Eli Whitney Invented the cotton gin
Spread of the slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South

At the Constitutional Convention (1787)…
Federalist Views A strong national government with a system of checks and balances will The Bill of Rights is unnecessary. Leaders: George Washington, James Madison Anti-Federalist Views A strong national government will and the rights of the states. Only ratified the Constitution because of the promise of a Bill of Rights Leaders: Patrick Henry, George Mason destroy individual liberties promote economic development.

The Bill of Rights Written mostly by James Madison
Based on earlier Virginia statutes Virginia Declaration of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Virginia Declaration of Rights
Written by George Mason Basic human rights should not be violated by governments

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Written by Thomas Jefferson Outlawed government support for one favored church

Unit 3 A New Nation Part One: Politics!.

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