1. CHAPTER 1
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY

2. THE EARTH IN MOTION Where did all the continents come from?
Geographers believed that all of the continents in the world were joined together in one big land mass
This land mass was called Pangaea, which means “all lands”
Continental Drift Theory: suggests that all continents slowly moved away from one another over time
Would you believe this theory? Why or why not?

3. PANGAEA

4. Pangaea

5. PLATE TECTONICS Planet Earth can be compared to an egg
Canada is on the outer shell of the egg, which is called the LITHOSPHERE
The next layer inside the egg is the MANTLE
The last layer of the egg at the centre of the Earth is the CORE

6. Earth’s Interior HYDROSPHERE ATMOSPHERE Crust - 8-64 km thick
Air
ATMOSPHERE
Water
Crust
km thick
- cold & fragile
- Granite and Basalt
Land
LITHOSPHERE
Mantle
km thick
- hot & molten
- Magnesium and Silicon
Outer Core
km thick °C
- liquid Nickel and Iron
Inner Core
km thick °C
- solid Nickel and Iron

7. PLATE TECTONICS
In the Earth’s mantle, there are several very hot spots or plates that boil, just like a pot of boiling water
This causes the Earth to shift and break apart
PLATE TECTONICS: when the plates in the Earth move around to create volcanoes, build mountains and cause earthquakes

8. PLATE TECTONICS Volcano Formation:
Canada has no active volcanoes, but there are some dormant volcanoes along the Pacific Coast
These volcanoes have been active in the past and could erupt again
These western volcanoes are known by scientists as the Pacific Ring of Fire
These are caused by hot spots in the Earth that eventually cause cracks in the Earth allowing lava to flow out

9. Plate Tectonics - Continental Drift
THE CONTINENTS TODAY

10. Plate Tectonics Colliding

11. FORCES OF EROSION
EROSION: breaking down of Earth due to wind, water, animals, plant roots and humans
CONTINENTAL SHELF: an area of shallow water reaching many kilometres offshore before the ocean deeps begin