1. North America Effigy mound Mounds built in the forms of animals.
Gorget
Neck pendant
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

2. Eskimo Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

3. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

4. Stylistic characteristics of prehistoric Eskimo art:
Abstract circles, curved lines, and animal faces (representing transformation) are common motifs, carved in shallow relief.
Objects are always small due to the nomadic culture.
Favorite material of Eskimo carvers? Was Walrus ivory.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Burial Mask
from Point Hope, Alaska
ca. 100 ivory 9 1/2 in. wide

5. Mississippian Art Ancestral Shrine Figure,
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Ancestral Shrine Figure,
13th–14th century; Mississippian Mississippian peoples; Tennessee Quartz sandstone H. 26 1/2 in. (67.3 cm)

6. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

7. Purpose of most of the Adena and Mississippian art objects:
Gifts to the dead, to be taken into the afterlife.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Pipe
from a mound in Ohio
ca B.C.E. stone 8 in. high

8. Incised shell gorget from Summer County, Tennessee
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Incised shell gorget from Summer County, Tennessee
ca in. wide

9. The purpose for the construction of the mound:
The Adena culture which flourished in Ohio during the last several centuries BCE were thought to have built the mounds. Radiocarbon dating, however, now suggests it was built much later by a people known as Mississippians.
The purpose for the construction of the mound:
To represent or worship snakes, which were very important in Mississippian iconography. They were associated with the earth and fertility of crops.
Because it is now thought to have been built in 1070, it may have been intended to mark the passage of Halley’s comet in 1066, in the form of the comet’s path across the night sky.
Most extant objects from the Adena and Mississippian cultures were found in burial and temple mounds.
The Serpent Mound, Ohio is among the best preserved temple mounds
The mound is 1200 feet long
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
Serpent Mound
Adams County, Ohio
ca ft. long, 20 ft. wide, 5 ft. high

10. Mimbres Art
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

11. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

12. Characteristics of prehistoric pottery made by the Mimbres people:
Black-on-white designs.
Linear rhythms balanced and controlled with a clearly defined border.
Method used to make this pottery was the coiling method.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
bowl with two cranes and geometric forms from New Mexico
ca ceramic, black on white diameter approximately 1 ft. 1/2 in.

13. The Cliff Palace at Mesa Verdi was a sophisticated urban community located in a wide trade network. The location was not accidental. The dwellings were designed to take advantage of the sun to heat the pueblo in winter and shade it in summer.
Cliff Palace at Mesa Verdi

14. A kiva
A circular semi-subterranean structure, once roofed over and entered via ladder through a hole in the roof.
Purpose
They were and still are the spiritual centers of native Southwest life, male council houses where ritual regalia are stored and private rituals and preparations for public ceremonies take place.

15. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

16. detail of Kiva painting
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.
detail of Kiva painting
from Kuaua Pueblo (Coranado State Monument) Anasazi, New Mexico
late 15th to early 16th century

17. Slide concept by William V
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.

18. Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcóatl
illuminated page from the Borgia Codex
from Puebla/Tlaxcala, Mexico
ca mineral and vegetable pigments on deerskin approximately 10 5/8 in. x 10 3/8 in.
Slide concept by William V. Ganis, PhD FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY For publication, reproduction or transmission of images, please contact individual artists, estates, photographers and exhibiting institutions for permissions and rights.