1. Kap.11 Clinical laboratory
FYS 4250
Kap.11 Clinical laboratory
instrumentation
Analyzing patient specimens -> diagnosis and evaluate effectiveness of therapy
Blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and other fluids
Precision and accuracy

2. Spectrophotometer
Ease of measurement, satisfactory accuracy and precision, suitability for automated instruments
Substances selectively absorb or emit electromagnetic energy at different wavelengths
Typically ultraviolet, visible and near infrared
Normally: Have to add reagent to exhibit the desired energy-absorbing characteristics
Source Hydrogen (90 % in the IR range) + Tungsten (vaporizes on the glass)
Wavelength selectors = filters (absorb) and monocromators (utilize prisms and diffraction gratings =narrow bandwidth)

3. Flame emission/absorption
Differs in three ways:
Power source and sample holder combined in flame
Measuring emission of light, not absorpion of light
Determine concentrations of pure metal only

4. Fluorometer
Based on the fact that molecules emit light in a characteristic spectrum immediately after absorbing radiant energy and being raised to an excited state.
Mercury arc lamps
Right angle to avoid direct transmission from source to detector
Advantage: Greater sensitivity (Four orders of magn compared to spectrophotometric methods) Afew number of substances have the property of fluorescence.
Disadvantage: Sensitivity of its determinations to temperature and pH of the sam

5. Analytic automat
ACA
Analysea
ATP = Analytic test pack

6. Gas/liquid (GLC) cromatography Stationary phase = solid substance
Movable phase = gas or liquids

7. GLC Initial purification
Injector introduce patient sample including solvent
Carrier gas = inert carrier gas
Coloumns = solid phase (1 m long, diameter less than 7 mm)

8. GLC printout
Important advantages: Speed, small amounts of sample and great sensitivity

9. Electrophoresis
Defined as the movement of a solid phase with respect to a liquid (buffer solution).
Buffer -> carry current and keep the pH constant
Electrid field -> particles similar in charge, size and shape migrate at similar rates

10. Serum protein electrophoresis

11. Coulter counter cell counter
Hematology
RBC, WBC and plateles
Anticoagulants
Lyzing agent causes cell membranes of RBC to rupture and release HGB

12. Impedance- detector for cells
And for RBC
Resistance of WBC is much greater than the fluid -> voltage pulse is created in the circuit.
Averaging
Cells with volumes greater than 35.9 fl = RBC

13. 2-dimentional scatterplot of coulter counter data
Illuminated by a laser to create the light scatter
Cell volume = low frequency impedance

14. Analysis of microscope- images
Automated differential counts
Pattern recognition