1. DMA
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2. Transfer Mode
The transfer mode describes the way in which the data moves from the hard disk through the interface (IDE/ATA) and to the memory.
For example, it tells how fast is data transferred or what device is in charge of the transfer.
There are two basic categories
PIO (Programmed I/O) Mode
The processor micro-manages data transfer
DMA (Direct Memory Access) Mode
The processor delegates data transfer
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3. Programmed I/O (PIO) Modes
In the PIO category, the processor controls the data transfer.
There are various PIO modes which differ mainly by speed.
Through the early to mid-90s PIO was the standard way to transfer data to the hard disk.
The original ATA standards document defined the first three modes.
With ATA-2 two faster modes were introduced.
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4. Standard PIO Modes 3.3 MB/s = 3.3  106 bytes / second
Two bytes are transferred every 600 nanoseconds.
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5. External rates
The PIO rates on the previous slide are external rates meaning that they reflect the rate that data in the hard disk’s buffer/cache can be transferred.
Recall that access times to locate and read from a random sector are of the order of milliseconds.
Reading a sector (512 bytes) in 20 ms would correspond to a rate of 25 KB/s.
If one were not buffering and transferring consecutive data, the PIO mode rates would be sufficient.
But we do transfer buffered data and the PIO transfer rates are considered prohibitively slow by today’s standards.
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6. PIO is too, too slow PIO is slow in two ways:
One does not achieve the same data transfer rates as with Ultra DMA, which is the standard transfer mode used for IDE/ATA today.
Because the processor controls the details of the transfer in PIO, the processor is distracted from performing other tasks.
Despite its slowness, PIO is still around because:
PIO is simple (built into the BIOS so it does not require drivers).
Backward compatibility
Can be used as a backup when something goes wrong with DMA.
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7. DMA The alternative to PIO is DMA, Direct Memory Access.
In DMA, a device transfers information to or from the memory directly rather than in a processor-controlled fashion.
DMA has been around awhile but it was not always well supported early on. But speed requirements have made it preferred over PIO.
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8. Various Modes
As with PIO, DMA has various modes differing mainly by speed.
DMA modes split into two categories:
Single-word modes which send one word (two bytes) at a time
Multiple-word modes which send several words in rapid succession (rather like the idea of bursting that accounts for improved memory speeds).
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10. Assume it’s multiword
The single-word DMA modes are too slow, today it is understood that DMA is multiword DMA and the term is rarely mentioned and usually implied.
In fact the single-word DMA modes were dropped from the standards with ATA-2.
Ultra DMA is multiword.
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11. First Party
“The party of the first part shall be known in this contract as the party of the first part”
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12. First Party vs. Third Party
In Third-Party DMA there is a third device, the DMA controller mediating the transfer between the hard disk and memory.
Third party DMA is slow and old fashioned.
In First-Party DMA, a.k.a. bus mastering, the middle man is eliminated. The hard drive controls the transfer of data between itself and memory.
The device (hard drive in this case) takes control of (masters) the bus along which the information is sent.
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13. Ultra DMA DMA only became the norm with the introduction of Ultra DMA.
It just wasn’t well supported.
DMA gained the advantage over PIO when Ultra DMA/33 doubled the interface transfer rate.
Support for it also improved.
Today, Ultra DMA is an industry standard.
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14. Ultra DMA uses DDR and CRC
One feature that made Ultra DMA “ultra” was that it transferred data on both the positive and negative edges of the clock.
Same idea as in DDR (Double Data Rate) memory
As Ultra DMA pushed the limit on transfer rate, it made the occurrence of errors somewhat more likely. Thus it introduced a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) as part of the standard.
Recall CRC is error detection. If an error occurs in transmission the data is retransmitted.
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15. Ultra DMA transfer rates
DMA finally beats PIO Mode 4’s 16.7 MB/s with the added bonus of freeing up the processor.
The modes are usually named after their maximum transfer rate and the interface they use: Ultra ATA/100 instead of Ultra DMA/Mode 5.
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16. New cable needed
The faster speeds did require a change in the cable used to connect the drive. The 80-conductor ATA/EDE cable.
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17. Color Code Blue: connects to the host (motherboard or controller).
Gray: connects to the slave drive (if there is one)
Black: connects to the master drive
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18. 80 wires and 40 pins?? Signals are varying currents.
Currents produce magnetic fields, varying currents produce varying magnetic fields.
Varying magnetic fields produce currents.
Oops, the current in wire 1 begins to change the current in wire 2.
There is interference (a.k.a. cross talk)
The extra wires shield the signal-carrying wires from each other.
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19. Block Mode
Certain BIOSs allow for a Block Mode setting. Block Mode allows 16 or 32 sectors (512 bytes each) to be handled using a single interrupt (even if the processor is not running the show it needs to know something has happened).
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20. IRQs
Devices cannot interrupt the processor whenever they want. Instead they must request the processor’s attention.
Interrupt Request Numbers are an addressing scheme so that the processor can determine which device wanted its attention when when it gets around to checking for interrupts.
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21. Resources
Many devices might want to interrupt the processor, so devices are assigned IRQs.
Usually this is done automatically. Occasionally two devices vie for the same slot and a conflict arises.
Devices other than the hard drive transfer information to or from memory and they use DMA as well. Devices are assigned ranges of memory they can use for DMA so as to avoid conflicts.
IRQs and DMA ranges are called system resources.
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25. Viewing Resources for a Device
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26. Viewing Resources for a Device
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27. Viewing Resources for a Device
Double click
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28. Viewing Resources for a Device
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29. A Different Device
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30. Yet Another Device
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31. ATAPI
The ATA/IDE Interface was originally designed for hard drives only.
AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) is a protocol that allows devices that are not hard drives to use this interface.
Instructions are sent to it in “packets”
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32. ATA Standard Summary Table
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33. Serial ATA
Serial ATA (SATA or S-ATA) – replace the parallel connection with a serial connection for hard drive and ATAPI devices.
Similar to what USB-2 has done for external devices.
Transfer rates starting at 150 MB/s.
Serial cables can be longer and of course thinner, making connected device easier.
They reduce issues of heating and interference.
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34. References http://www.pcguide.com
PC Hardware in a Nutshell (Thompson and Thompson)
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