1. Light Dependent and Independent Reactions
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent and Independent Reactions

2. Chloroplasts
Thylakoid: sac-like photosynthetic membrane (light dependent reactions)
Grana: stacks of thylakoids
Photosystems: clusters of pigments (chlorophyll) that collect light
Stroma: space outside thylakoid membrane (light independent reactions)

3. Electron Carriers Light energy is transferred to electrons
Electrons are transported by carrier molecules
NADP+  NADPH (2e- )

4. Light Dependent Reactions
Produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ to ATP and NADPH

5. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 1: Photosystem II is absorbed and used to break down H2O into energized electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen

6. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 2: Energized electrons from photosystem II move through the electron transport chain

7. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 3: Electrons from photosystem II are reenergized by photosystem I and used to form NADPH

8. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 4: H+ ions fill up the thylakoid membrane, creating a difference in charges

9. Light Dependent Reactions
Step 5: energy used from the difference in charge is sued to convert ADP to ATP

10. Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Takes place in the stroma
ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to produce high-energy sugars

11. Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
Step 1: Each molecule of C02 is added to a 5- carbon compound by an enzyme (this is call carbon fixation)
Step 2: the 6-carbon spits into three carbon compounds. Phosphate from ATP and electrons from NADPH are added to the 3- carbon compounds to create 3-carbon sugars.
Step 3: 3-carbon molecules used to make sugars, lipids, and amino acids
Step 4: The remaining 3-carbon molecules are used to regenerate the 5-carbon molecule starting the cycle again