1. Chemical Bonding!

2. Electrons are the key to chemical bonding
– specifically outer shell electrons.
Only outer shell electrons are involved in bonding.

3. Valence Electrons The outer shell is called the valence shell.
Electrons in the outer shell are called valence electrons
Valence shell
Valence electrons

4. All atoms want to be “happy”
– a happy atom has a full valence shell.
It has all of the electrons it can hold!

5. I want another electron to fill my shell…
The first period of elements - hydrogen and helium - can hold up to 2 electrons in the outer shell.
So to be happy, hydrogen wants to gain an electron.
helium
Hooray! My shell is full!
I want another electron to fill my shell…

6. For the other periods…
…the atoms want to have 8 electrons in their outer shell. 8 1 7 2 6 3 5
neon 4

7. Chlorine wants to gain one electron

8. Potassium wants to lose one
Potassium wants to lose one! (its easier to lose one electron than to gain seven!)

9. How many does Carbon want?
Carbon can either gain or lose 4 electrons!
Why is this atom sad?
It’s outer shell is not full!
Carbon

10. How do atoms bond?
Atoms bond by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons!
….But if you gain an electron, there will be more electrons than protons!

11. Because I have an extra electron, I have a -1 charge!
That’s right! The atom is no longer neutral – it now has a charge!
-An atom that has a charge is called an ion.
Because I have an extra electron, I have a -1 charge!

12. Ionic Bonding
Ion – Atom with a charge formed when one or more valence electrons is gained or lost
Ionic bond – force of attraction between oppositely charged atoms
When an atom gains or loses electrons, it gains a charge – it becomes positive or negative.
Positive ions are attracted to negative ions + -

13. The Chlorine atom from before…
…gained one electron to become happy. This electron gave the chlorine a negative charge
Cl-

14. - The potassium atom would want to lose an electron
- The potassium atom would want to lose an electron. – becoming positive! K+

15. So if a potassium and a chlorine meet, the chlorine will take the electron from the potassium, making both atoms into ions!
Potassium
Chlorine K+
Cl-

16. Reaction with Sodium and Chloride
The Positive potassium is attracted to the negative chlorine – and an ionic bond is formed K+
Cl-
KCl
Reaction with Sodium and Chloride

17. Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are usually hard, brittle, and dissolve in water.
When metals bond with nonmetals, it forms ionic compounds
Sodium chloride (table salt) and hydrochloric acid are ionic compounds

18. Sodium chloride (table salt) and hydrochloric acid (stomach acid) are ionic compounds
Cl+
Na+
Cl-
NaCl
HCl

19. Covalent Bonding
Covalent bond – when atoms are held together by sharing electrons
Many atoms hang onto their electrons much too tightly for them to be removed
This means they cannot form ions!
These atoms still want to fill their outer shell, but they can’t gain or lose electrons
So what can they do?
Covalent bonding simulator

20. They Share!
Oxygen cannot pull the electrons off of hydrogen, but it still wants a full shell.

21. simulation of covalent bonding in H20
With a little energy, hydrogen atoms will share their electrons with the oxygen atom to make it happy, and the oxygen will share one electron with each hydrogen atom!
simulation of covalent bonding in H20

22. The electrons are shared
The hydrogen atoms now have 2 electrons each and the oxygen atoms have 8.
The formation of water

23. Water is a covalent compound.
Covalent compounds are much more common than ionic compounds. Everything from sugar to gasoline to ammonia is a covalent compound!

24. Metallic bonding
In metallic bonding, atoms are surrounded by a “sea” of free-flowing electrons.
They are held together by the forces within that “sea”