1. Leveling

2. Leveling : is the procedure used to determine difference in elevation between points that are some distance from each other

3. General Terms
Elevation: is a vertical distance above or below reference datum
Level line: is a line in level surface, a level surface is a curved surface.
Mean sea level: reference datum that is universally employed in surveying studies

4. Leveling Concepts

5. Types of Surveying Levels
Automatic
Digital
Tilting
Dumpy
Rotary Laser

6. Engineers’ Automatic Level

8. Definitions for differential levelling
Bench Mark (BM): is a permanent point of known elevation ( published)
Temporary Bench Mark: (TBM): is semi permanent point on known elevation. (nails in the rod of trees, not publish)
Turning Point (TP): is a point temporarily used to transfer an elevation.
Back sight: is a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation.
Height of Instrument (HI): is the line of sight through the level. HI= Elev. BM + BS

9. Foresight (FS):is a rod reading taken on TP, BM , TBM to determine its elevation. HI-FS= Elev. of TP(or BM or TBM)
Intermediate Sight (IS): is a rod reading taken in any other point where the elevation is required.
HI-IS=Elev.

10. Leveling Procedure – One Setup

11. Leveling Procedure – One Setup

12. Leveling Procedure – One Setup

13. Leveling Procedure – Multiple Setups

14. Ex 1: complete accompanying set of differential leveling and perform the arithmetic check.
Station
BS (m)
HI (m)
FS (m)
Elevation (m)
BM3
1.613
TP1
1.425
1.927
TP2
1.307
1.710
TP3
1.340
1.273
0.780

15. Ex 2: complete accompanying set of differential leveling and perform the arithmetic check.
Station BS FS
Elevation
BM7
4.368
82.206
TP1
6.907
4.538
TP2
4.680
8.800
TP3
3.730
5.978
TP4
8.464
5.245
3.598