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International Trade Economics 101
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Equilibrium Without Trade
Assume: A country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel. The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. No one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.
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Figure 1The Equilibrium without International Trade
Price of Steel Domestic demand Consumer surplus Domestic supply Equilibrium price quantity Producer surplus Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Importer or Exporter? If the country decides to engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel? The effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the price that prevails in the world market for that good.
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Exporter If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.
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Figure 2 International Trade in an Exporting Country
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Price after trade World price Domestic quantity demanded Domestic quantity supplied Price before trade Exports Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 3 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Price after trade World price Exports D C B A Price before trade Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 3 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting Country
Price of Steel Domestic demand Consumer surplus before trade Domestic supply Price after trade World price Exports D C B A Price before trade Producer surplus before trade Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Winners and Losers The analysis of an exporting country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off. Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole.
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Importer If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country will be an importer of the good.
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Figure 4 International Trade in an Importing Country
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Price before trade Price after trade World price Domestic quantity supplied Domestic quantity demanded Imports Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country
Price Domestic demand of Steel Domestic supply C B D A Price before trade Price after trade World price Imports Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country
Price A Domestic demand of Steel Consumer surplus before trade Domestic supply Price before trade C B Producer surplus before trade Price after trade World price Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 5 How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country
Price Domestic demand of Steel Consumer surplus after trade Domestic supply C B D A Price before trade Price after trade World price Imports Producer surplus after trade Quantity of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Winners and Losers How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Importing Country The analysis of an importing country yields two conclusions: Domestic producers of the good are worse off, and domestic consumers of the good are better off. Trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole because the gains of consumers exceed the losses of producers
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Tariff A tariff is a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically. Tariffs raise the price of imported goods above the world price by the amount of the tariff.
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Price with tariff Q S Q D Tariff Price without tariff World price Q S Q D Imports with tariff Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel Domestic demand Consumer surplus before tariff Domestic supply Producer surplus before tariff Equilibrium without trade Price without tariff World price Q S Q D Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel A B Domestic demand Consumer surplus with tariff Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Price with tariff Q S Q D Tariff Price without tariff World price Q S Q D Imports with tariff Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Producer surplus after tariff Equilibrium without trade Price with tariff C G Imports with tariff Q S D Tariff Price without tariff World price Q S Q D Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Tariff Revenue Price with tariff Imports with tariff Q S D E Tariff Price without tariff World Q S Q D price Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Figure 6 The Effects of a Tariff
Price of Steel A Domestic demand Domestic supply Deadweight Loss B Price with tariff C G D F Q S E Q D Tariff Price without tariff World Q S Q D Imports with tariff price Quantity Imports without tariff of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Effects of Tariff A tariff reduces the quantity of imports and moves the domestic market closer to its equilibrium without trade. With a tariff, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss.
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Import Quota An import quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.
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Figure 7 The Effects of an Import Quota
Price of Steel Domestic demand Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Domestic supply + Import supply Quota Isolandian price with quota Equilibrium with quota Q S Q D World price Price without quota = Q S Q D Imports with quota Quantity Imports without quota of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Effects of Import Quota
Because the quota raises the domestic price above the world price, domestic buyers of the good are worse off, and domestic sellers of the good are better off. License holders are better off because they make a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher domestic price.
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Figure 7 The Effects of an Import Quota
Price of Steel A Domestic demand Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Domestic supply + Import supply Quota B Isolandian price with quota Equilibrium with quota D Q S E' Q D C F World price Price without quota = E" Q S Q D G Imports with quota Quantity Imports without quota of Steel Copyright © South-Western
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Deadweight Loss of Quota
With a quota, total surplus in the market decreases by an amount referred to as a deadweight loss. The quota can potentially cause an even larger deadweight loss, if a mechanism such as lobbying is employed to allocate the import licenses.
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Lessons from Trade Policy
Both tariffs and import quotas . . . raise domestic prices. reduce the welfare of domestic consumers. increase the welfare of domestic producers. cause deadweight losses.
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