1. Biological nutrient removal in municipal waste water treatment

2. INTRODUCTION MAIN PROBLEM IS THE RISING CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS.
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ARE THE PRIMARY CAUSES OF EUTROPHICATION.
MOST RECOGNIZABLE MANIFESTATIONS ARE ALGAL BLOOMS.
SYMPTOMS ARE LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN, FISH KILLS, MURKY WATER AND DEPLETION OF FLORA AND FAUNA.

3. EUTROPHICATION BEGINNING IN TOBA LAKE, INDONESIA

4. BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL(bnr)
BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENTS ARE ORGANIC MATERIALS.
BNR IS A PROCESS USED TO REMOVE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS.
USING MICRO-ORGANISMS.

5. BNR PROCESSES BNR IS COMPRISED OF TWO PROCESSES:
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL

6. EFFLUENT TN AND TP COMPONENTS AND ACHIEVABLE LIMITS
Form
Common Removal Mechanism
Technology Limit, mg/L
Total Nitrogen
Ammonia-N
Nitrification
<0.5
Nitrate-N
Denitrification
1-2
Particulate Organic-N
Solids separation
<1.0
Soluble Organic-N
None
Total Phosphorus
Soluble P
Microbial uptake and/or
Chemical precipitation
0.1
Particulate P
Solids removal
<0.05
EFFLUENT TN AND TP COMPONENTS AND ACHIEVABLE LIMITS

7. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL
AMMONIA, NITRATE, PARTICULATE ORGANIC NITROGEN AND SOLUBLE ORGANIC NITROGEN.
NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION.
AMMONIA IS OXIDISED TO NITRITE AND NITRITE IS THEN OXIDISED TO NITRATE.
REDUCTION OF NITRATE TO NITRIC OXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE AND NITROGEN GAS.

8. BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL8
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE PHOSPHORUS.
THE TREATMENT PROCESS CAN BE DESIGNED TO PROMOTE THE GROWTH OF PAOs.
PAOs CONVERT AVAILABLE ORGANIC MATTER TO PHAs.

9. Treatment processes INTEGRATED FIXED FILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR PROCESS
STEP FEED PROCESS
MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR PROCESS
MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTOR PROCESS
OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS

10. INTEGRATED FIXED FILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS(ifas)
1010
INTEGRATED FIXED FILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS(ifas)
COMBINES FIXED FILM TECHNOLOGY WITH CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE.
IMMERSE A SOLID SUPPORT MEDIA INTO AN AERATION BASIN.
MEDIA CAN BE FIXED OR FLOATING.
TEXTILE MESH MATERIAL, FLOATING SPONGES OR PLASTIC MEDIA.
PROVIDES SURFACE AREA FOR BIOLOGICAL GROWTH TO ATTACH.

11. IFAS PROCESS(Cont…) CREATES ADDITIONAL BIOMASS.
PROVIDES ADDITIONAL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY.
INCREASES SOLIDS SETTLING.
INCREASES WASTE WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES.

12. FLOATING MEDIA SYSTEMS
FIXED MEDIA SYSTEMS
FLOATING MEDIA SYSTEMS

13. Sequential batch reactor PROCESS(sbr)
CONTINUOS FLOW SYSTEM.
PRIMARLY FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL.
FLEXIBLE, INEXPENSIVE AND EFFICIENT.
OPERATIONAL COST IS HIGH.
THREE PHASES
FILL PHASE
REACT PHASE
SETTLE PHASE

14. REACT
FILL
SETTLE/DECANT
SBR PROCESS SEQUENCE

15. STEP FEED PROCESS CONTINUOUS FLOW PROCESS.
INFLUENT FLOW IS SPLIT TO SEVERAL FEED LOCATIONS.
RECYCLE SLUDGE STREAM IS SENT TO THE BEGINNING.
HIGHER SOLIDS RETENTION TIME IS ACHIEVED PROVIDING ENHANCED TREATMENT.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IS LIMITED.

16. STEP FEED PROCESS

17. Moving bed biofilm reactor PROCESS(mbbr)
DIRECT DERIVATIVE OF FIXED FILM ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
HDPE CARRIER ELEMENTS ARE USED.
PROVIDE SITES FOR BACTERIA ATTACHMENT.
ALLOWS HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF ACTIVE BIOMASS.
MORE TREATMENT CAPACITY.
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL REQUIRES ADDITIONAL STAGES.

18. JET AERATION SYSTEM PIPING WITHIN THE MBBR
K1 CARRIER ELEMENT

19. Membrane Biological Reactor PROCESS(mbr)
CONSISTS OF SEPARATE AERATION TANKS AND MEMBRANE FILTRATION TANKS.
THE MEMBRANE ELEMENTS SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM THE TREATED EFFLUENT.
EXCESS SOLIDS ARE WASTED DIRECTLY FROM THE AERATION TANKS.
MEMBRANES VARY FROM HOLLOW TUBE FILTERS TO FLAT PANELS.
REQUIRE SEVERAL CLEANING CYCLES.

20. KUBOTA MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR

21. ZENON MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR

22. OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS
OXIDATION DITCH IS A LARGE CIRCULAR BASIN WITH AERATORS.
REMOVES ORGANIC MATTER AND POLLUTANTS
ADSORPTION, OXIDATION AND DECOMPOSITION.
ENSURES STABLE, CONTINUOUS D.O MEASUREMENT.
REDUCES OPERATING COSTS.
ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR MANUAL CLEANING.

23. OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS

24. CASE STUDY: SOUTH MIDDLETON MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY
EVALUATED THE TREATMENT PROCESSES.
MOST FEASIBLE PROCESS IS THE IFAS PROCESS INCORPORATING MBBR TECHNOLOGY.
INCREASED NITRIFICATION
IMPROVED PROCESS STABILITY
REDUCED CAPITAL AND CONSTRUCTION COST
REDUCED ANNUAL ENRGY COST

25. APPROXIMATE TANK VOLUMES
Reactor
Process Train #1
Volume (gallons)
Process Train #2
Anaerobic Zone
71,800
Pre-Anoxic Zone
65,000
Aerobic IFAS Zone
240,000
Post-Anoxic Zone
85,400
Re-Aeration Zone
24,700
APPROXIMATE TANK VOLUMES

26. BNR PROCESS MODELLING PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF BNR TECHNOLOGY.
WIDELY AND SUCCESSFULLY USED.
TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE BNR PROCESSES.
TO OPTIMIZE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF THE BNR PROCESSES.
A COMPUTER PROGRAMME SIMULATOR IS REQUIRED.

27. BNR PROCESS MODELLING(Cont..)
TO IMPLEMENT ALL UNIT PROCESS MODELS AND LINK THEM.
TO SET UP A WWTP WITH PARTICULAR FLOW SCHEME, INFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION CONDITIONS.
TO REPRESENT THE BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS.
THE MODEL NEEDS TO BE CALIBRATED AND VALIDATED BEFORE IT IS USED.

28. REQUIREMENTS TO SET UP A WWTP PROCESS MODEL

29. CONCLUSION BNR IS AN ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY.
IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION IS A CHALLENGE.
COMPLEX AND HIGH COST.
REQUIRES TRAINED DESIGN ENGINEERS AND OPERATORS.
BNR PROCESS MODELLING IS A USEFUL TOOL FOR DESIGN AND OPERATION OF WWTPs.

30. references
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2. Ekama, G. A., andWentzel, M. C. (1999). “Difficulties and development in biological nutrient removal technology and modeling.” Water Sci. Technol., 39(6), 1–11.
3. Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J., and Dewil, R. (2008). “Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge.” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 34(6), 755–781.
4. Henze, M., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., Ekama, G. A., and Brdjanovic, D (2008). Biological wastewater treatment: Principles, design and modelling, IWA, London.
5. Dold, P. L., Hu, Z., and Gan, Y. (2009). “Nutrient removal MBR systems: Factors in design and operation.” Proc., 5th IWA Specialized Membrane Conference and Exhibition, IWA, London.
6. Sen, D., Mitta, P., and Randall, C. W. (1994). “Performance of fixed film media integrated in activated sludge reactors to enhanced nitrogen removal.” Wat. Sci. Technol., 30(11),
7. Randall, C. W., and Sen, D. (1996). “Full-scale evaluation of an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) process for enhanced nitrogen removal.” Water Sci. Technol., 33(12), 155–162.

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