1. Business Math
Chapter 17: Inventory

2. (continued on next slide)
17.1 Inventory
Use the following methods to find the ending inventory and cost of goods sold:
Specific identification inventory
Weighted average inventory method
FIFO (first in, first out)
LIFO (last in, first out)
(continued on next slide)

3. Inventory methods
Use the retail inventory method to find the ending inventory and the estimated cost of goods sold.
Use the gross profit method to estimate the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold.

4. Key Terms
Inventory: merchandise available for sale or goods available for the production of income.
Periodic or physical inventory: a physical count of goods or merchandise made at a specific time.
Perpetual inventory: an inventory process that adjusts the inventory count after each sale or purchase of goods.

5. Key Terms
Cost-of-goods sold (COGS): the difference between the cost of goods available for sale and the cost of ending inventory.
Specific identification inventory method: an inventory valuation method that is based on the actual cost of each item available for sale.

6. COGS = cost of goods available for sale – cost of ending inventory
Cost of goods sold
The formula
COGS = cost of goods available for sale – cost of ending inventory

7. Inventory values
Necessary for financial statements (such as those covered in Chapter 20)
Necessary for tax documents
Physical inventory: a physical count made of merchandise on hand; usually carried out periodically (monthly, yearly, weekly)
Perpetual inventory: merchandise available at any given time

8. Inventory report

9. 17.1.1 Specific inventory method
Find the cost of goods available for sale = number of units purchased x cost per unit.
Find the cost of ending inventory = number of units in ending inventory x cost per unit.
3. Find the COGS = cost of goods available for sale – cost of ending inventory.

10. Look at this example

11. Find the COGS
Find the ending inventory by multiplying the number of items still available by the unit cost for the individual item. 14 items x $8 = $ items x $7 = $ items x $10 =$ 30
Add the cost of cost of goods available for sale and subtract that amount from the total cost. ($560 - $177 = $383)
The COGS = $383

12. Try this example.
Using Table 17-2, assume an ending inventory of 10 items for the first unit; 10 items for the second unit, 5 items for the third unit, and 2 units for the fourth item. Find the cost of ending inventory and COGS. (The total cost would be the same.)
Cost of ending inventory = $216
COGS = $344

13. 17.1.2 Use the weighted-average method
Cost of goods available for sale is divided by the number of units available for sale to get the average unit cost.
Takes less time than finding exact prices for each unit.
Used with goods that are similar in cost and have a relatively stable cost.

14. How to use the weighted-average method
Find the cost of goods available for sale = number of units purchased x cost per unit.
Find the average cost = cost of goods available for sale number of units available for sale
Find the cost of ending inventory = number of units in ending inventory x average unit cost
COGS = cost of goods available for sale –cost of ending inventory.

15. Look at this example Refer to Table 17-2 on Slide 10 (or in the text).
The average unit cost is the total cost of goods available for sale ($560) divided by the number of units of goods available for sale (70) = $8
Cost of ending inventory = cost of available goods (22) x average unit cost ($8) = $176.
COGS = Total Cost – Cost of ending inventory
COGS = $560 - $176 = $384

16. Try this example
Refer to Slide 12 to calculate the total number of goods in ending inventory. (27 items)
The average cost would be the same as the original example since only ending inventory amounts were modified. ($8)
Calculate the cost of ending inventory 27 items x $8 = $216
COGS = TC ($560) – cost of ending inventory ($216) = $344

17. 17.1.3 Use the FIFO method FIFO = First in, first out
Used by companies who want inventory costs to match replacement costs as closely as possible.
The earliest units purchased are assumed to be the first units sold (first out).
Cost of goods available for sale is relatively close to the current cost of purchasing additional items.

18. Find the COGS using FIFO
Find the cost of goods available for sale = number of units purchased x cost per unit
Find the assigned cost per unit by assuming those available in inventory are the latest ones purchased.
Find the cost of ending inventory = number of units in inventory x assigned cost per unit.
Find the COGS = cost of goods available for sale – cost of ending inventory.

19. Look at this example
Using Table 17-2 (in the text), find the COGS by assigning the cost of the latest items purchased.
There are 22 units in the ending inventory and by using this method, they must be the latest units purchased.
Count back in the table from the most recently purchased units until you have 22 units.
March 3: 14 units at $8 per unit (22-14 = 8 units left to be assigned)

20. Example (continued)
The remaining 8 units would be assigned a value of $10 per unit.
14 units x $8 = $112; 8 units x $10 =$80 $112 + $80 = $192 (total of 22 units)
COGS = $560 - $192 = $368
Using the FIFO method of inventory, the cost of goods sold is $368.

21. 17.1.4 Find the COGS using LIFO
In this method, the latest units purchased (the last in) are assumed to be the first units sold (the first out).
The cost of the ending inventory is figured on the cost of the oldest stock.
The difference between the cost of goods available for sale and the replacement costs for new goods could be significant.
Short-term profit on goods sold would be less since the newer, higher-priced goods were sold first.

22. How to use the LIFO method
Find the cost of goods available for sale = number of units purchased x cost per unit.
Find the assigned cost per unit by assigning a cost per unit in the ending inventory assuming these units were the earliest units purchased.
Find the cost of ending inventory = number of units in ending inventory x assigned cost per unit.
COGS = cost of goods available for sale – cost of ending inventory

23. Look at this example
Using Table 17-2, find the COGS using the LIFO method.
Assign a cost for each unit in the ending inventory assuming these units were the earliest units purchased.
22 items at $8 each = $176
Cost of ending inventory = $176
COGS = cost of goods available for sale ($560) – cost of ending inventory ($176) =
$384

24. 17.1.5 Use the retail inventory method
Sometimes, businesses do not make monthly or periodic inventories; instead they estimate the cost of inventory rather than count goods individually.
One method used to estimate inventory is called the retail method.
To use this method to find the COGS, you also need to know the dollar value of sales.

25. Key Terms
Retail method: a method for estimating the value of inventory that is based on the cost ratio of the cost of goods available for sale and the retail value of goods available for sale.
Ending inventory at cost: the cost of the ending inventory
Ending inventory at retail: the retail value of the ending inventory

26. Use the Retail Inventory Method
Find the cost of goods available for sale = number of units purchased x cost per unit
Find the retail value of goods available for sale
Find the cost ratio = cost of goods available for sale retail value of goods available for sale
Find the ending inventory at retail = retail value of goods available for sale - sales

27. Retail method (cont.)
5. Find the ending inventory at cost = ending inventory at retail x cost ratio
6. Find the COGS = cost of goods available for sale – ending inventory at cost
(or) COGS = dollar value of sales x cost ratio

28. Look at this example
Date of purchase
Retail Value
Beginning inventory
$331
January 15
$180
February 4
$129
March 3
$160
Goods available for sale
$800
Sales
$487
Use the information from Table and the retail information on the right to find:
- the cost of ending inventory
–the COGS using the retail method.

29. Example (continued)
According to Table 17-2, the cost of goods available for sale is $560
Retail price = $800
Cost ratio = $560 ÷ $800 = 0.7
Ending inventory at retail = $800 - $487 = $313
Ending inventory at cost = $313 x 0.7 = $219.10
COGS = $487 x 0.7 = $ or COGS = $560 - $ = $340.90
The ending inventory = $ and COGS = $340.90

30. 17.1.6 Use the gross profit method
Gross profit margin method: a method of estimating the value of inventory that is based on a constant gross profit margin rate and net sales.
Assumes a company maintains the same gross profit level from year to year.
This method is not used for annual financial statements or calculating income taxes. It is a method for estimating inventory.

31. Use the gross profit method
Find the goods available for sale = beginning inventory + net purchases
Find the estimated cost of goods sold = net sales x the complement of percent of gross profit
Find the estimated ending inventory = goods available for sale – estimated cost of goods sold

32. Look at this example
Using the inventory report in Table 17-1 and net sales of $487 to estimate inventory with the Gross Profit Method if gross profit on sales is 28%
Beginning inventory = 29 units x $8 = $232
Net purchases = 18 units x $7 + 9 units x $ units x $8 = $328
Cost of goods available for sale = $232 + $328 = $560

33. Example (continued)
Estimated cost of goods sold = net sales x the complement of percent of the gross profit margin $487 (0.72) = $350.64
Estimated ending inventory = cost of goods available for sale- estimated cost of goods $560 - $ = $209.36

34. 17.2 Turnover and Overhead Find the inventory turnover rate
Find the department overhead based on sales or floor space

35. 17.2.1 Find the inventory turnover rate
Inventory turnover rate will depend on type of business; a restaurant would have a high rate of turnover, but a furniture store may have a low rate of turnover.
Inventory turnover: the frequency with which the inventory is sold and replaced.

36. Low turnover May indicate some or all of the following:
Too much capital (company’s money) is tied up in inventory
Customers are dissatisfied with merchandise choice, quality or price
Merchandise is not properly marketed

37. High turnover May indicate some or all of the following:
Inventory is too small for the demand; resulting in a loss of sales because merchandise is “out of stock.”
Merchandise is highly desirable.
Merchandise prices may be significantly lower than the competition’s prices.

38. Beginning inventory at cost + Ending inventory at cost 2
Turnover rate at cost
1. Average inventory at cost =
Beginning inventory at cost + Ending inventory at cost 2
2. Divide the COGS by the average inventory at cost
Turnover rate at cost = COGS Average inventory at cost

39. Look at this example Ann’s Dress Shop September sales: $52,500
Cost of inventory on Sept. 1: $15,890
Cost of inventory on Sept. 30: $18,000
Average inventory at cost = $15,890 + $18,000 ÷ 2 = $16,990
Turnover rate at cost = $52,500 ÷ $16,990 = Turnover rate at cost = 3.09 or 3 times (rounded)
The average inventory at cost is $16,990 and the rate at cost is three times.

40. Turnover rate at retail
1. Average inventory at retail =
Beg. inventory at retail + Ending inventory at retail 2
2. Divide the sales by the average inventory at retail
Turnover rate at retail = sales Average inventory at retail

41. Turnover rate at retail
Hungarian restaurant net sales: $32,000
Retail price of inventory on June 1: $7,000
Retail price of inventory on June 30: $9,000
Average inventory at retail $7,000 + $9,000 ÷ 2 = $8,000
Turnover rate at retail $32,000 ÷ $8,000 = 4
The turnover rate at retail is four times in the month of June.

42. Inventory turnover ratio
The ratio shows the number of times a business’s inventory has been sold during a specified period.
An inventory turnover of 3:1 for one year means that the store sold three times the value of the average inventory during the year.
Another way to say this is that the merchandise was sold and replaced three times during the year.

43. 17.2.2 Department overhead based on sales or floor space
Overhead: expenses required for the operation of a business, such as salaries, office supplies, taxes, rent or mortgages, insurance and maintenance of equipment.
The ratio between overhead and sales can say much about a firm’s efficiency or inefficiency.
Overhead, like turnover, is another factor that lending institutions use in making decisions about business loans.

44. Find department overhead based on sales
Find the total sales: add the sales of the individual departments
Find the department sales rate: Department sales Total sales
Department overhead = department sales rate x total overhead

45. Find department overhead based on floor space
Find the total floor space: add the square feet of the floor space in each department.
Find the department floor space rate = floor space in department total floor space
Find the overhead assigned to each department by floor space = Department floor space rate x total overhead