1. 8
Photosynthesis

2. Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable
When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, an afterglow called fluorescence
If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will fluoresce, giving off light and heat
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3. (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence
Figure 8.11
Excited
state e-
Energy of electron
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Figure 8.11 Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light
Ground
state
Chlorophyll
molecule
(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule
(b) Fluorescence
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4. (b) Fluorescence Figure 8.11-1
Figure Excitation of isolated chlorophyll by light (part 1: fluorescence)
(b) Fluorescence
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5. A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
The light-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center
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6. A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions
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7. (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
Figure 8.12
Photosystem
STROMA
Photon
Light-harvesting
complexes
Reaction-
center
complex
Primary
electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll (green)
STROMA
Thylakoid membrane e-
Figure 8.12 The structure and function of a photosystem
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
Protein
subunits
(purple)
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
THYLAKOID
SPACE
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
(b) Structure of a photosystem
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8. (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
Figure
Photosystem
STROMA
Photon
Light-harvesting
complexes
Reaction-
center
complex
Primary
electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane e-
Figure The structure and function of a photosystem (part 1: function)
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
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9. (b) Structure of a photosystem
Figure
Thylakoid membrane
Chlorophyll (green)
STROMA
Protein
subunits
(purple)
Figure The structure and function of a photosystem (part 2: structure)
THYLAKOID
SPACE
(b) Structure of a photosystem
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10. There are two types of photosystems in the thylakoid membrane
Photosystem II (PS II) functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm
The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called P680
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11. Photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm
The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700
P680 and P700 are nearly identical, but their association with different proteins results in different light-absorbing properties
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12. Linear Electron Flow
Linear electron flow involves the flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane to produce ATP and NADPH using light energy
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13. Linear electron flow can be broken down into a series of steps
A photon hits a pigment and its energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680
An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the primary electron acceptor (we now call it P680+)
H2O is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680; O2 is released as a by-product
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14. Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS II to PS I
Energy released by the fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane; diffusion of H+ (protons) across the membrane drives ATP synthesis
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15. In PS I (like PS II), transferred light energy excites P700, causing it to lose an electron to an electron acceptor (we now call it P700+)
P700+ accepts an electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport chain
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16. Excited electrons “fall” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (Fd)
The electrons are transferred to NADP+, reducing it to NADPH, and become available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle
This process also removes an H+ from the stroma
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17. LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Figure 8.UN02
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Figure 8.UN02 In-text figure, light reaction schematic, p. 170 O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. P680 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) Primary acceptor
Figure 8.13-s1
Primary
acceptor e-
P680
Light
Figure 8.13-s1 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 1)
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
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19. 2 H+ + P680 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II) /2 Primary
Figure 8.13-s2
Primary
acceptor
2 H+
H2 O e- + 1 /2 O2 e- e-
P680
Light
Figure 8.13-s2 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 2)
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Electron transport chain 2 H+ + P680 Light Pigment molecules
Figure 8.13-s3
Electron
transport
chain
Primary
acceptor Pq
2 H+
H2 O e- +
Cytochrome
complex 1 /2 O2 Pc e- e-
P680
Light
ATP
Figure 8.13-s3 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 3)
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II)
Figure 8.13-s4
Electron
transport
chain
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor Pq e-
2 H+
H2 O e- +
Cytochrome
complex 1 /2 O2 Pc e-
P700 e-
P680
Light
Light
ATP
Figure 8.13-s4 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 4)
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
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22. Photosystem I (PS I) Photosystem II (PS II)
Figure 8.13-s5
Electron
transport
chain
Electron
transport
chain
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor Fd
NADP+ Pq e-
2 H+ e-
+ H+
H2 O e- e- +
Cytochrome
complex
NADP+
reductase 1 /2 O2
NADPH Pc e-
P700 e-
P680
Light
Light
ATP
Figure 8.13-s5 How linear electron flow during the light reactions generates ATP and NADPH (step 5)
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
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23. The energy changes of electrons during linear flow can be represented in a mechanical analogy
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24. Mill makes ATP NADPH ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I e- e- e- e- e-
Figure 8.14 e- e- e-
Mill
makes
ATP
NADPH e- e- e-
Photon
Figure 8.14 A mechanical analogy for linear electron flow during the light reactions e-
ATP
Photon
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
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25. A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy
Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP
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26. Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs between chloroplasts and mitochondria but there are also similarities
Both use the energy generated by an electron transport chain to pump protons (H+) across a membrane against their concentration gradient
Both rely on the diffusion of protons through ATP synthase to drive the synthesis of ATP
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27. In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma
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28. Electron transport chain
Figure 8.15
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Inter-
membrane
space H+
Diffusion
Thylakoid
space
Electron
transport
chain
Inner
membrane
Thylakoid
membrane
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Figure 8.15 Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts
ATP
synthase
Matrix
Stroma
ADP + P i
ATP
Higher [H+] H+
Lower [H+]
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29. Electron transport chain
Figure
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
Inter-
membrane
space H+
Diffusion
Thylakoid
space
Electron
transport
chain
Inner
membrane
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
Figure Comparison of chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts (part 1: detail)
Matrix
Stroma
ADP + P i
ATP
Higher [H+] H+
Lower [H+]
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30. The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP and increase the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH
ATP and NADPH are produced on the side of the thylakoid membrane facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to power the synthesis of sugar from CO2
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31. LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE
Figure 8.UN02
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Figure 8.UN02 In-text figure, light reaction schematic, p. 170 O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. ½ Cytochrome complex NADP+ reductase Photosystem II Photosystem I
Figure 8.16
Cytochrome
complex
NADP+
reductase
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Light
4 H+
Light
NADP+ + H+ Fd Pq
NADPH e- Pc e-
H2O O2
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
+2 H+
4 H+ To
Calvin
Cycle
Figure 8.16 The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the current model of the organization of the thylakoid membrane
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ADP +
ATP P H+ i
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33. (high H+ concentration) 4 H+ +2 H+
Figure
Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Light
4 H+
Light Fd Pq Pc e- e-
H2O O2
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
4 H+
+2 H+
Figure The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the current model of the organization of the thylakoid membrane (part 1)
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
STROMA
(low H+ concentration)
ADP +
ATP H+ P i
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34. (high H+ concentration) 4 H+
Figure
Cytochrome
complex
NADP+
reductase
Photosystem I
Light
NADP+ + H+ Fd
NADPH Pc
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H+ concentration)
4 H+ To
Calvin
Cycle
Figure The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the current model of the organization of the thylakoid membrane (part 2)
ATP
synthase
ADP
STROMA
(low H+ concentration) +
ATP H+
P i
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.