1. Biological Bases of Behaviors Part 1: The Brain Unit 2 Biopsychology Psychology 40S C. McMurray
Source: David Myers Worth Publishers

2. Watch the Story of the Brain

3. History of Mind Phrenology
In 1800, Franz Gall suggested that bumps of the skull represented mental abilities. His theory, though incorrect, nevertheless proposed that different mental abilities were modular.
Bettman/ Corbis

4. Phineas Gage
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad worker was packing gunpower into a rock with a tamping iron.
A spark ignited the gunpowder, shooting the rod up through his left cheek and out the top of his skull, leaving his frontal lobes massively damaged.
To everyone’s amazement, Gage was immediately able to sit up and speak. Although his mental abilities and memories were intact, his personality was not. The soft spoken Gage was now irritable, profane and dishonest. Gage was no longer Gage.
Watch story of Phineas Gage

5. "You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes
"You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself Any direction you choose.”
Watch video:
Human brain built for survival

6. The Brain

7. Brain Activity
Get a large piece of paper and tape it to a wall. Stand in front of the paper facing sideways. Find someone to shine a light (your phone works) on your head. Find another person to trace the silhouette of your head onto the paper.
Cut your silhouette out. We will be using both sides to place parts of the brain on your silhouette.
On one side, outline where your brain would be.

8. Brain Parts for your silhouette
Side 1
Brainstem
Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum

9. Brain Parts for your silhouette
Side 2
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Motor cortex
Sensory cortex

10. Brain Resource:
Brain Made Simple Website

11. Older Brain Structures
The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

12. Brain Stem: Medulla
The medulla is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing.

13. Brain Stem: Pons The pons above the medulla are responsible for sleep.

14. Brain Stem: Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation is a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
Reticular Formation

15. Thalamus
The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

16. Cerebellum
The “little brain” (cerebellum) attached to the rear of the brainstem. It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

17. The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the pituitary gland, amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
OBJECTIVE 13| Describe the structures and functions of the limbic system, and explain how one of these structures controls the pituitary gland.

18. Pituitary Gland The Pituitary Gland is
often referred to as the “master gland” as it regulates many activities of other endocrine glands. It also produces the growth hormone.

19. Amygdala
The Amygdala consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

20. Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

21. Hippocampus
Hippocampus (Latin for seahorse) is associated primarily with memory.

22. Corpus Callosum
The corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres and passes information back and forth to each hemisphere.

23. The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center.
OBJECTIVE 14| Define cerebral cortex and explain its importance fro the human brain.
brain map

24. Pinky and the Brain

25. Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).
OBJECTIVE 15| Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

26. Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe

27. Brain Lobes
The Frontal Lobes are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments.
The Parietal Lobes receive sensory input for touch and body position.
The Occipital Lobes receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
The Temporal Lobes receive auditory information primarily from the opposite ear.

28. Functions of the Cortex
The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal lobe) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.
OBJECTIVE 16| Summarize some of the findings on the functions of the motor cortex and the sensory cortex, and discuss the importance of the association areas. Map is called Homunculus…latin for little man

29. The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.
rubber hand illusion
Watch the brain that changes itself
Ellen Degeneres rubber hand episode
OBJECTIVE 18| Discuss brain’s plasticity following injury or illness.