1. Bellwork 10/10 Please turn in your Kepler’s Laws lab
Describe each of Kepler’s Laws in your own words.

2. Test Retake After school(3:20pm) on Thursday 10/13
Before School (7:00 am) on Friday 10/14
If you’re retaking the test…make sure you take all the necessary steps to earn your retake!
See the syllabus or me with questions 

3. “Minor Members” of the Solar System
Comets, Asteroids, Meteoroids
These objects formed at various times throughout the birth of the solar system
Kepler’s Laws still apply here!

4. Comets Often called "dirty snowballs“ Large, icy bodies
Formed at the start of Solar System formation
Composition
Frozen gases
Rocky and metallic materials

5. Frozen gases vaporize when near the Sun Produces a glowing head called the coma Some may develop a tail that points away from Sun due to Radiation pressure and Solar wind

6. Where do Comets come from?
Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt (in orbit beyond Neptune)
Halley’s Comet: Period of 76 years
Long-period comets originate in the Oort cloud (a “shell” of icy objects in the outermost reaches of our Solar System)
How would the Kuiper belt have formed?

7. Asteroids Most lie between Mars and Jupiter
Large, rocky bodies with an irregular shape
Orbits can be very eccentric
Origin is uncertain, but likely formed during planetary formation
Jupiter might be at fault here…

8. Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites?!

9. Meteoroids
Meteoroids are referred to as meteorites when they are found on Earth
Small, rocky bodies
Created through collisions with larger objects OR fragments of comets & asteroids

10. What is a Meteor Shower? Meteor Shower: Orionids
Occur when Earth passes through the path of a comet
As the comet burns up & pieces fall off, creating meteoroids (Which then fall through Earth’s atmosphere)
Meteor Shower: Orionids
October 2th-November 7th
Peak night: Oct
~20 meteors/hr (a moderate year)

11. Why study minor bodies in the solar system?
Among the oldest bodies in the solar system
Impacts have deposited materials that contribute to Oceans & Atmospheres
Life may have chemical roots in comets
Nitrogen & Amino Acids
Impacts can affect climate & ecosystems
Prediction of future impacts

12. It can be difficult to study these objects…

13. When minor objects collide with Earth
…Is there an easier way?
When minor objects collide with Earth

14. Barringer Crater 1,200 m in diameter 170m deep
50,000 years old (estimated)
Breccia formed at the crater

15. What can we learn from craters?
Crater Lab
1st: How does velocity affect the properties of a crater?
2nd:How does size/mass affect the properties of a crater?
Purpose: What can craters tell us about the conditions in the solar system at different times?

16. Anatomy of a Crater

18. Compare: Comets, Meteoroids, Asteroids

19. Are craters always round?
Does speed, angle, shape of the impactor affect crater size and shape?
What determines the spread of the ejecta?