1. Do Now: Quote Analysis
“ I know no South, no North, no East, no West, to which I owe any allegiance.”
- Henry Clay
“A house divided against itself cannot stand.” – Abraham Lincoln (1858)
What do you think Lincoln means by his statement?
What do you think Clay means by his statement?
What does Henry Clay owe “allegiance” to?
Do you think these gentlemen are speaking of the same thing and would support each other? Explain.

2. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
Missouri Compromise:
-1819: Missouri wanted into Union (slave holding territory)
-1819: Congress balanced between slave and free state
(11 slave, 11 free)
- Growing Sectionalism: - competition between North and South for
western lands
- North: restrict/ban slavery
- South: oppose anti-slavery movements
- 1820: Attempt to Compromise
- Henry Clay (Kentucky), Speaker of the House
- Missouri Compromise (1820)
- admit Missouri as slave and Maine as free state
(preserve balance)
- set N latitude: slavery outlawed north of line
(except Missouri)
- passed by Congress 1820

3. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
- slavery debate back to Congress: Texas, New Mexico, California
- Texas: slavery already exists = state in 1845
- New Mexico, California (Mexican Territories)
- Wilmot Proviso: (David Wilmot, Pa)
- Slavery prohibited in any land acquired from Mexico
- John C. Calhoun, Senator from South Carolina
- neither Congress nor any territorial gov’t could ban/regulate slavery in a territory
California & New Mexico Territories = part of the U.S. – no action on slavery

4. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
1848 Election:
Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor (Whigs) – neither Taylor or Cass took stand on slavery
2. Lewis Cass (Democrat)
3. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party) – motto: “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men”
Outcome: Taylor became President 1849
Taylor’s Presidency: (1849)
- wanted California and New Mexico to apply for statehood right away
- popular sovereignty: once states decide issue of slavery themselves
- tried to avoid renewed debate in Congress
- California applied 1849 (New Mexico did not apply at that time)
- statehood delayed in Congress through other issues
- movement to abolish slavery in D.C.
- south wanted law requiring return of fugitive slaves
- dispute over New Mexico/Texas border
- south concerned w/balance of power in Senate (1849 = 15 slave, 15 free)
- California enters as free then Oregon, New Mexico, Utah will follow
- upset balance in Congress in favor of free states
- south talks of secession

5. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
Compromise of 1850:
- Senator Henry Clay (Kentucky) proposed:
- 5 Part Plan:
- California enters Union as free state
- New Mexico Territory has no restrictions on slavery
- New Mexico/Texas border settled in favor of New Mexico
- slave TRADE abolished in D.C.
- stronger fugitive slave law
- President Taylor (opposed plan) died in office July 1850
- Vice-President Millard Fillmore becomes President (supported parts of compromise)
- Stephen Douglas, Senator Illinois, helps divide Clay’s plan so parts can be voted on
separately
- some who oppose parts of plan abstain from those votes
- Aug./Sept – Compromise of 1850 passed with 5 main points from Clay’s original plan

6. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
A Nation Dividing:
- Fugitive Slave Act: (1850)
-all citizens help catch runaway slaves
-fine/prison for helping slaves
-Northerners refused to cooperate
-worked against South
-Pierce Presidency: (Franklin Pierce 1853)
-enforce Fugitive Slave Law
-1854 Congress debate over slavery and new territories again
-Kansas-Nebraska Act:
-Stephen Douglas proposed to organize region west of Missouri/Iowa as
territories of Kansas and Nebraska w/territorial gov’ts
-popular sovereignty: residents decide for themselves on slavery
-1854 passed by Congress
-repealed Missouri Compromise ban on slavery

7. Map Analysis
What conclusions can you draw about the US based on this map?
Who benefited the most from the Missouri Compromise?
Why do you think the South agreed to this compromise?

9. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
-“Bleeding Kansas”:
-pro and anti slavery settlers rushed to Kansas Territory to vote
-1855 more proslavery settlers outnumbered antislavery settlers
-5000 Missouri settlers went to Kansas voted illegally
-Kansas legislature packed w/proslavery reps.
-boycott official gov’t = political unrest
-both sides armed
-Lawrence, Kansas: May 1856 attacked by proslavery mob
(“Sack of Lawrence”)
-John Brown: extreme abolitionist
-formed mob and killed 5 proslave neighbors
-“Pottawatomie Massacre”
-civil war for 3 years in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”)

10. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
Slavery Dominates Politics:
-Republican Party: formed from split Whig Party (1854)
-antislavery
-blamed violence on Democrats
-Election of 1856:
-John C. Fremont: Republican
-admit California/Kansas as free states
-little political experience (no “skeletons”)
-James Buchanan: Democrat
-no stand on slavery
-preserve the Union
-Millard Fillmore: American (Know-Nothing) Party
-strength of assuming presidency from Z. Taylor ( )
-divided party on slavery: little strength
-Outcome:
- 2 separate races: 1. Buchanan vs. Fremont in North
2. Buchanan vs. Fillmore in South
-Buchanan won election
-Results about country: 1. Republican Party major force in North
2. Nation split over slavery
-Dred Scott vs. Sanford:
Case Study Analysis

11. What is popular sovereignty?
Do Now:
Answer the following on your Do Now paper:
What is popular sovereignty?
What happened in Kansas territory as a result of using the theory of popular sovereignty?
Do you think the theory of popular sovereignty was the right one for the US in the 1850s? Explain.

12. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
-1858: Lincoln-Douglas Debates
-Congressional Election of 1858
-Abe Lincoln: unknown factor
-Stephen Douglas: current Senator from Illinois, well known, likely candidate for
president in 1860
Lincoln Douglas
-Republican -Democrat
-lawyer -lawyer
-little formal education -former Member of House of Reps.
-slavery morally wrong but no easy -current Senator of Illinois
way to eliminate it – contain it -popular sovereignty
-Debates: 7 times Aug. – Oct. 1858
-back and forth over issue of slavery
Lincoln Douglas
-“A house divided against itself cannot stand” - attitude will lead to break of Union
-could territories legally decide for themselves -“Freeport Doctrine”: people could
Exclude slavery - refuse pass laws
protecting slave holders rights’
-Douglas’s position won him support of antislave forces but lost him his following in the South
-Debates would later help Lincoln win Presidential election

13. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
-Harper’s Ferry:
-Oct Republican Party firmly against slavery
-party gaining = south threatened
-John Brown’s Raid:
-18 men (white and black)
-raid federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
-try to cause slave uprising and give them seized weapons
-unsuccessful: no revolt started
-Brown captured: 10 of his men died
-J.B. and raiders killed 4 civilians, 1 marine, and 2 slaves
-J.B. was tried and hanged for treason

14. Do Now:
Answer #3 and 4 in your composition book:
Who was Dred Scott?
How did the Supreme Court deal with his case?
Do you think the outcome of this case contributed to secession and war? Explain.

15. How did the Election of 1860 affect the United States?
Period 8 Do Now
How did the Election of 1860 affect the United States?
Do you think there was any way to preserve the Union after the election?

16. Complete the 3-2-1 Activity in your composition book
Ticket Out the Door
Complete the Activity in your composition book
3 – possible causes of the Civil War
2 – things (people/events) you think contributed most to going to war
1 – way you think war could have been avoided

17. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
Secession and War:
-Election of 1860:
1. Stephen Douglas: Democrat (Northern)
-popular sovereignty
-did not have full support of party
2. John Breckinridge: Democrat (Southern)
-from Kentucky, current Vice-President
-neither Congress no territorial legislatures could prevent citizens from
taking slaves (property) into a territory
3. Abraham Lincoln: Republilcan
-moderate views
-party opposed to “legal existence of Slavery in any Territory.”
4. John Bell: Constitutional Union Party
-from Tennessee
-moderates from North and South formed party
-no position on slavery

18. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
-Outcome:
Popular Vote Electoral Vote
-Lincoln = 40% of 303 (clear majority)
-Douglas = 30% -split w/other candidates
-split w/other candidates
-Election proved 2 things: 1. North more populated than South (outvoted South)
2. South would follow through w/their threats to secede
-Lincoln’s name did not appear on Southern ballots – he won every Northern state (more
populous section of country wins election)

19. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
South Secedes:
-before election of 1860 some southern states said that if Republicans win they will leave the Union (Alabama)
-Lincoln promised not to disturb existing slavery = South distrust
-December 20, 1860: South Carolina voted to secede
-plans to compromise were unacceptable
The Confederacy:
-February 1861: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina = leave Union
-February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America
-new government of the South
-Jefferson Davis, Senator from Mississippi appointed as President
-States’ rights: voluntarily entered, voluntarily leave
-contract violation between federal and state government
-mixed reaction to secession
-celebration in South preservation in North

20. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
Lincoln as President:
-Buchanan in office until March 4, 1861
-December 1860: letter to Congress – Southern state had no right to secede, but he couldn’t stop them
-Lincoln = President’s duty to enforce laws & preserve gov’t
-eve of Lincoln’s election border states = fate unknown
-Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas were all slave states that stayed in the Union = uneasy
-use of force against Confederacy could drive them out

21. Chapter 15 Notes: Road to the Civil War
-Fort Sumter:
-U.S. fort guarding Charleston Harbor, S.C.
-fort low on supplies Confederates demand surrender
-Lincoln informs S.C. Gov. Francis Pickens supplies will be sent –
Unarmed Union forces will not fire unless fired upon
-Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered attack on Fort before Union supplies got there (fired first shot)
-April 12, 1861 first Confederate shots fired
-Union troops held fort for 33 hours – surrendered
-April 14, 1861 Fort Sumter fell to Confederate forces
-zero causalities – many shots
-Results:
-Lincoln called for Union soldiers – volunteers (75,000)
-Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas joined Confederacy
-American Civil War began

22. Ticket Out the Door: Summary Statement
Answer the following question in 2-5 complete sentences:
What could/should we have done differently to avoid war? Explain your response in 3-5 sentences.