1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Do Now What are the monomers of the following? Carbohydrates Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

3. Do Now
List some of the tools that scientists use to observe objects.

4. Cell-the smallest units of life in all living things

5. Hooke-discovery of cells was made observing dead plant cells.
Leeuwenhoek-first person to observe living cells
Schleiden-concluded that all plants were composed of cells.
Schwann-concluded that all animals were composed of cells.
Virchow-noted that all cells come from other cells.

6. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure & function in an organism.
Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

7. Each cell has a shape that has evolved to allow the cell to perform its function effectively.
A cell that can change its shape would be well suited for moving to different tissues through narrow openings.

8. The size to which a cell can grow is limited by its surface area.
Surface area is an important factor in limiting cell growth because the cell may become too large to take in enough food and to remove enough wastes.

9. Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane-thin coverings that surround cells
Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Also called “cell membrane”
Selectively permeable because it allows the passage of some solutes and not others.
“Fluid Mosaic Model”
Plasma Membrane

10. Plasma Membrane Composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
Phospholipids line up tail to tail.
Outer region is hydrophilic.
Inner region is hydrophobic.
Proteins are inserted into the membrane to act as receptors to allow certain items in or out.
Cholesterol is inserted into the membrane to keep the plasma membrane fluid.

11. Do Now
What is the plasma membrane composed of?

12. Cytoplasm-includes the fluid (cytosol), cytoskeleton, & all of the organelles, except the nucleus.
Cytosol-the part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules & particles, but not membrane-bound organelles.
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

13. Nucleus-the membrane-bound structure that contains a cell’s DNA

14. Prokaryotes-lack a membrane-bound nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
Has no nucleus and no mitochondria, but it does have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm and a cell wall
Have no nuclear membrane
Existed on Earth before eukaryotes.
Nucleoid-the part of the cell that contains the DNA
Circular DNA
Ex. Bacteria & Archaea

15. Eukaryotes-made up of one or more cells; have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
Organelle-a structure within a cell that performs a specific function

16. Unicellular-one cell
Colony-collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a connected group.
Multicellular-cells become more specialized and eventually were unable to survive independently.

17. Tissue-a group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function.
Organ-groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism.
Organ System-group of organs that accomplish related tasks.
Organisms-several organ systems combine to make up an organism.

18. Immediately identifies a cell as an eukaryote.
Where the cell’s chromosomes are found
Nucleoplasm-jelly-like liquid that holds the contents of the nucleus

19. Nuclear Envelope-The double membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear pores-protein-lined holes
Nucleolus-the more dense area where DNA is concentrated

20. Do Now
What is the nuclear membrane composed of?

21. Tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP, which ultimately powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions.
An active cell might contain large numbers of mitochondria.
Where cell’s ATP is produced
Cristae-Folded, inner membrane of the mitochondria

22. Mitochondria have their own DNA & can reproduce only by the division of preexisting mitochondria.
Mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by ancient eukaryotic cells.

23. Do Now Finish the sentence.
Nuclear DNA contains DNA from ___________, and mitochondrial DNA contains DNA from ________________.

24. Do not have a membrane.
Where proteins are made.
Assembly of the proteins begins in the nucleolus & is completed in the cytoplasm.
Some are free in the cytosol; others are attached to the rough ER.
Are found in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells.

25. An important organelle that helps maintain homeostasis by moving supplies from one part of the cell to the other
Rough ER-covered with ribosomes; assemble proteins.
Smooth ER-NOT covered with ribosomes; assemble lipids.

26. The packaging and distribution center of the cell.
Helps make & package materials to be transported out of the cell.

27. Vesicles-small, membrane-bound spherically shaped sacs that help transport materials in the cell
Vacuole-large vesicle
Amoeba Feeds
Lysosome-vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus & that contain digestive enzymes.
Food vacuoles-store nutrients for a cell.
Contractile vacuole-vesicles that can contract and dispose of excess water inside a cell.
Paramecium Feeds

28. Cytoskeleton-The mesh like network of protein fibers that supports the shape of the cell .
Microtubules- hollow tubes that hold organelles in place
Microfilaments- long threads that help the cell move
Intermediate Filaments- rods that maintain the internal shape of the nucleus.

29. Cilia-numerous hairlike organelles that protrude from the surface of a cell and are packed in tight rows
Flagella-longer & far less numerous on the cell.
Cilia & Flagella

30. Do Now
What is the mitochondrial membrane composed of?

33. Cell Wall-rigid layer that lies outside the cell’s plasma membrane.
Contain Cellulose
Has pores in the cell wall that allow water, ions, and some molecules to enter & exit the cell.

34. Central Vacuole-a large membrane-bound space in which water, waste products, and nutrients are stored

35. Plastids-organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and contain their own DNA.
Chloroplasts-the organelles in plant cells that contain a green pigment and take part in photosynthesis
Contain DNA and chlorophyll
Chromoplasts-plastids that contain colorful pigments and that may or may not take part in photosynthesis.

36. Crash Course-Eukryotes

37. Cell Cookie Lab-DO NOT EAT
1. Choose either a plant or animal cell
2. Create 6 cell structures from the list below.
3. Explain structure AND function to Mrs. Kniha.
4. Enjoy your cookie!
Cookie Structures:
Icing-Cytoplasm
Twizzlers-Plasma Membrane
Gel Icing-Cell Wall
Tic Tac-Chloroplast
Hot Tamale-Mitochondria
Sour Gummy Worms-Rough ER
Regular Gummy Worms-Smooth ER
Gummy Bears-Golgi Body
M&Ms-Nucleus
Marshmallow-Central Vacuole
Sprinkles-Ribosomes

38. Cell Cookie Lab-DO NOT EAT
All Cells
Icing-Cytoplasm
Twizzlers-Plasma Membrane
Hot Tamale-Mitochondria
Sour Gummy Worms-Rough ER
Regular Gummy Worms-Smooth ER
Gummy Bears-Golgi Body
M&Ms-Nucleus
Sprinkles-Ribosomes
Plant Cells Only
Gel Icing-Cell Wall
Tic Tac-Chloroplast
Marshmallow-Central Vacuole

39. Cell Cookie Lab-DO NOT EAT
All Cells
Icing-Cytoplasm-holds cells together
Twizzlers-Plasma Membrane-regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Hot Tamale-Mitochondria-produces ATP
Sour Gummy Worms-Rough ER-holds ribosomes
Regular Gummy Worms-Smooth ER-produces lipids
Gummy Bears-Golgi Body-repackages proteins
M&Ms-Nucleus-control center
Sprinkles-Ribosomes-produce proteins
Plant Cells Only
Gel Icing-Cell Wall-protects cell
Tic Tac-Chloroplast-does photosynthesis
Marshmallow-Central Vacuole-holds water