1. Intro continued

2. Area of coverage Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata (=Tunicata)
Sea squirts, larvaceans, thaliaceans
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Amphioxus (lancelet)
Subphylum Craniata (=Vertebrata of Haeckel)
Hagfish (Mixini)
Vertebrata

3. Deuterostomata Pharyngotremata Hemichordata Chordata Somitichordata
Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata
Somitichordata
(Cephalochordata)
Amphioxus
Protostome
Invertebrates
Crinoids, Sea
stars, etc
Enteropneusta
(Acorn worms)
Tunicates
(Tunicata)
Pterobranchia
Craniates
Mouth second upon development, pharyingeal gill slits, notochord, somites, braincase

4. Protostome inverts
Deuterostome inverts

6. Hemichordata (incertae sedis) (=Enteropneusta)
Acorn Worm
Pterobranch

7. Acorn worm (Sarcoglossa)

8. Pharyngeal (“gill”) slits
Opening from the gill chamber
Can include associated tissues
P. pouch – outpocketing of the gut
P. arch – tissues lying between P. slits

9. Urochordata (=Tunicata) Corella parallelograma
Notochord – cordlike skeleton
of the back

11. Ascidian tunicate

12. P. Chordata, Sp. Cephalochordata Amphioxus
Somites – rectangular shaped pairs
of mesoderm on sides of notochord
– gives rise to axial skeleton, muscles
and dermis

13. Sp. Craniata

14. Some Concept Review Ideas of Darwin and Wallace
Evolutionary Developmental Concepts
Ontogeny: the history of an individual from initiation of cell division to death
Phylogeny: the evolutionary history of independent lineages or species

15. “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
Ernst Haeckel ( )
German anatomist
Embryonic stages of an animal reflect its evolutionary history
1874

16. Better explained by:
Von Baer’s “Law” (1828): General (primitive) features develop earlier in ontogeny than do special features (derived) that distinguish groups
Biogenetic “Law”: features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically and features developing later in ontogeny are of more recent phylogenetic origin

17. A few notes on Patterns and Process in Evolution
Homology:
Analogy:
Homoplasy:

18. Cladistic Classification / Phylogenetic systematics
The science of evolutionary grouping based on shared derived characteristics
The naming of organisms based on these groups
Plesiomorphy:
Synapomorphy:
Autapomorphy:
Monophyly:
Paraphyly:
Polyphyly:

19. M N A B C
Cladogram
Branch
Node
Internode
Root
OTU
Ingroup
Outgroup
Autapomorphy
Plesiomorphy
Synapomorphy