1. The Periodic Table Chapter 12
Grouping the Elements
Section 2

2. Reminder…

4. Groups AKA Families
Elements in each family have similar but not identical properties.
For example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and other members of family IA are all soft, white, shiny metals.
All elements in a family have the same number of valence electrons.
valence electrons – an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines and atom’s chemical properties

5. Families of the Periodic Table

7. Hydrogen sits on top of Group 1 gas at room temperature
BUT it is not a member of that family
Hydrogen is in a class of its own
gas at room temperature
1 proton, 1 electron, & only 1 energy level
needs 2 electrons to fill up its valence shell

9. Alkali Metals
Group 1
have a single electron in their outermost level, in other words, 1 valence electron
shiny
have the consistency of clay
easily cut with a knife

10. Alkali Metals most reactive metals react violently with water
never found as free elements in nature - are always bonded with another element

12. Alkaline Earth Metals Group 2 never found uncombined in nature
2 valence electrons

14. Transition Metals Groups 3-12 good conductors of heat and electricity
1 or 2 valence electrons

16. Rare Earth Elements below the Periodic Table
30 rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series
types of transition metals
lanthanide: shiny, reactive metals
actinide: man-made metals

18. Boron Family Group 13 named after the first element in the family
3 valence electrons
includes a metalloid (boron), and the rest are metals.
includes the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust (aluminum).

20. Carbon Family Group 14 4 valence electrons.
includes a non-metal (carbon), metalloids, and metals
carbon is called the “basis of life”

22. Nitrogen Family Group 15 5 valence electrons
named after the element that makes up 78% of our atmosphere
includes non-metals, metalloids, and metals.

24. Oxygen Family Group 16 6 valence electrons
share electrons when forming compounds
oxygen is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust

26. Halogen Family Group 17 7 valence electrons
which explains why they are the most active non-metals
need to gain 1 electron to fill their outermost energy level
never found free in nature
react with alkali metals to form salts

28. Noble Gases Group 18 colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive
inactive because their outermost energy level is full
all the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere