1. "In a true state of nature, indeed, all men are born equal, but they cannot continue in this equality. Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws." ~Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk.VIII,Ch. 3~

2. Concepts of State and Government Chapter 1

7. Elements of a state People
- The mass of the population living within the state.

8. “people” answers the question, “who governs whom?”
no specific number requirement
“…the state shall neither be too small nor yet one that seems great but has no unity.” (Plato)

9. Elements of a state Territory
- demarcated area that rightly belongs to the population

10. “territory” answers the question, “where?”
terrestrial, fluvial, maritime and aerial
should be permanent and large enough to be self-sufficing

11. Elements of a state Government
- Refers to the agency to which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out.

12. Elements of a state Sovereignty
- May be defined as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from the people within its jurisdiction and free from foreign control.

13. “sovereignty”
Internal – power of the state to rule within its territory
External – the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or control by other states.

14. Origin of states Divine right theory Necessity or force theory
Evolutionary theory
Social contract theory

15. State distinguished from nation
“The state is a political concept while
a nation is an ethnic concept.”

16. State distinguished from nation
“ A state is not subject to external control while a nation may or may not be independent of external control.”

17. State distinguished from nation
“ A single state may consist of one or more nations or people and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states.”

18. State distinguished from government
“…they are usually regarded as identical. As ordinarily, the acts of the government are the acts of the state.”

19. State distinguished from government
“A state cannot exist without a government, but it is possible to have a government without a state.”

20. State distinguished from government
“A government may change, its form may change, but the state, as long as its essential elements are present, remains the same.”

21. Forms of Government—who rules?

22. “forms” of government refer to the basic rules by which a nation carries out its policies
there is no standard for the classification of governments
actual arrangements differ from theoretical ones

23. governments: Aristotelian typology
Number of rulers
Perverted
Ideal
Monarchy
Tyranny
One
Few
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Many
Democracy
Mob rule

24. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government
Unitary - control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government
Federal –powers of the government are divided between to sets of organs, one of the national and the other for local affairs

25. As to the relationship of the between the executive and the legislative branches of the government
Parliamentary – legislative and executive bodies are fused together
Presidential – the executive is constitutionally independent of the legislature