1. Chapter 2
Supply and Demand

2. Chapter Outline Contents Supply and Demand Curves
Equilibrium Quantity and Price
Adjustment to Equilibrium
Some Welfare Properties of Equilibrium
Free Markets and The Poor
Price Supports
The Rationing and Allocative Function of Prices
Determinants of Supply and Demand
Predicting and Explaining Changes in Price and Quantity
The Algebra of Supply and Demand
2-2

3. Supply and Demand Curves
A Market: consists of the buyers and sellers of a good or service.
Law of Demand: the empirical observation that when the price of a product falls, people demand larger quantities of it.
Law of Supply: the empirical observation that when the price of a product rises , firms offer more of it for sale.
The Demand and Supply Curves for Lobsters in Hyannis, MA., July 20, 2011
2-3

4. Equilibrium in the Lobster Market
Equilibrium Quantity and Price
Equilibrium quantity and price: it is the price-quantity pair at which both buyers and sellers are satisfied.
2-4

5. Excess Supply and Excess Demand
Excess supply: the amount by which quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.
Excess demand: the amount by which quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.
2-5

6. An Opportunity for Improvement in the Lobster Market
Some Welfare Properties of Equilibrium
If price and quantity take anything other than their equilibrium values, however, it will always be possible to reallocate so as to make at least some people better off without harming others.
An Opportunity for Improvement in the Lobster Market
2-6

7. Rent Controls Rent Controls
A price ceiling for rents is a level beyond which rents are not permitted to rise.
The price ceiling creates an excess demand of 40,000 units
=(80,000 – 40,000) units.
2-7

8. A Price Support in the Soybean Market
Price Supports
A price support (or price floor) keep prices above their equilibrium levels.
Require the government to become an active buyer in the market.
Purpose of farm price supports is to ensure prices high enough to provide adequate incomes for “family farmers.”
2-8

9. Factors that Shift Demand Curves
Factors the Shift the Demand Curve (SHIFT FACTORS)
Incomes
Normal goods - the quantity demanded at any price rises with income.
Inferior goods - the quantity demanded at any price falls with income.
Tastes
Price of Substitutes and Complements
Complements - an increase in the price of one good decreases demand for the other good.
Substitutes - an increase in the price of one will tend to increase the demand for the other.
Expectations
Populations
NON_SHIFT FACTOR
Price
2-9

10. Factors that Shift Supply Schedules
Factors the Shift the Supply Curve (SHIFT FACTORS)
Technology
Factor Prices
The Number of Suppliers
Expectations
Weather
NON_SHIFT FACTOR
Price
Factors that Shift Supply Schedules
2-10

11. Two Sources of Seasonal Variation
S= Summer, W =winter
Case 1: An increase in supply → a decrease in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibrium quantity.
Case 2:An increase in demand → an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity.
2-11

12. The Effect of Soybean Price Increase on the Equilibrium Price and Quantity of Beef
Case III: A decrease in supply → an increase in the equilibrium price and a decrease in the equilibrium quantity.
Case IV: A decrease in demand → a decrease in both the equilibrium price and quantity [not shown]
2-12

13. Graphs of Equations 2.1 and 2.2
2.1: Supply function: P = 2+ 3Qs
2.2: Demand function: P =10 – Qd
Let Q* = Qd = Qs
Then
2 + 3Q* = 10 – Q*
4Q* =10-2=8
Q* =8/2 = 2
Plug Q* into either demand or supply function.
We choose the supply function, so P* = 2+ 3*2 = 8
2-13

14. A Tax of T=10 Levied on the Seller Shifts the Supply Schedule Upward by T Units
Note: A Tax (T) is a shift factor on the S curve.
2-14

15. Equilibrium Prices and Quantities When a Tax of T = 10 is Levied on the Seller
2-15

16. The Effect of a Tax of T = 10 Levied on the Buyer
Note: A Tax (T) is a shift factor on the D curve.
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17. Equilibrium Prices and Quantities after Imposition of a Tax of a Tax of T = 10 Paid by the Buyer
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18. A Tax on the Buyer Leads to the Same Outcome as a Tax on the Seller
Assume T =$2 is on the seller
Given: p=Qs; P=10-Qd
Set Q =10-Q and assume that at equilibrium, Qs=Qd.
Thus, 2Qs =10 or Qs=Qd=Q*=5
So P=10-5=$5
Pbuyer =$5+$1=$6; Pseller=$5-$1=$4
Assume T =$2 is on the buyer
Given: p=Qs; P=10-Qd
Set Q =10-Q and assume that at equilibrium, Qs=Qd.
Thus, 2Qs =10 or Qs=Qd=Q*=5
So P=10-5=$5
Pbuyer =$5+$1=$6; Pseller=$5-$1=$4
Summary: It doesn’t matter whether the tax is on buyers or sellers, the result is the same on Pbuyers and Psellers.
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19. Worked out Problem
Problem: Consider a market whose supply and demand curves are given by P= 4Qs and P= Qd respectively. How will the equilibrium price and quantity in this market be affected if a tax of 6 per unit of output is imposed on sellers? If the same is imposed on buyers?
Answer: The original price and quantity are given by P*= 8 and Q* = 2 respectively. The supply curve with the tax is given by P = 6+4Qs. Letting P’ and Q’ denote the new equilibrium values of price and quantity, we now have 6 +4Q’ =12 - 2Q’ which yields Q’=1, P’ =10, where P’ is the price paid by buyers and P’-6=4 is the price received by sellers.
Alternatively, the demand curve with a tax of 6 levied on buyers is given by P= Qd = 6 - 2Qd, and we have 4Q’ =6’ – 2Q’ which yields Q’=1 and P”=4 where P” is the price received by sellers. That is, P”+T = P” + 6 = 10 is the price paid by buyers.

20. Worked Problem
Question: Suppose demand for seats at football games is P = 1900 – (1/50)Q and supply is fixed at Q =90,000 seats.
Find the equilibrium price and quantity of seats for a football game (using algebra and a graph).
Suppose the government prohibits ticket scalping (selling tickets above their face value), and the face value of tickets is $50 (this policy places a pricing ceiling at $50). How many consumers will be dissatisfied (how large is excess demand)?
Suppose the next game is a major rivalry, so demand jumps to P = 2100 – (1/50)Q. How many consumers will be dissatisfied with this game?
How do distortions of this price ceiling differ from the more typical case of upward-sloping supply?
Answer:
a) The equilibrium quantity is Q = 90,000 seats and the equilibrium price is P = 1900 – (1/50)(90,000) = 1900 – 1800 = $100.
b) At a price ceiling of P = $50, quantity demanded is found by solving 50 = 1900 – (1/50)Q for Q = 92,500 seats. Since the stadium only holds Q = 90,000 seats, there will be 92,500 – 90,000 = 2,500 dissatisfied fans who want to buy a ticket at P = $50 but cannot find one available.
c) Quantity demanded for the higher demand is found by solving 50 = 2100 – (1/50)Q for Q = 102,500 seats. Now there will be 102,500 – 90,000 = 12,500 dissatisfied fans who want to buy a ticket at P = $50 but cannot find one available. The excess demand is12,500 – 2,500 = 10,000 seats more than for the not so big game.
d) Normally a price ceiling both raises quantity demanded and lowers quantity supplied. Here, only the first effect is present because the stadium capacity is fixed. S
$300 D’ D
$100
$50
102.5 90
92.5
105