1. CELL

2. Cell theory:
German scientist Matthias Schleiden, 1838 (plants are composed of cells). Followed by Theodor Schwann, 1839 (animals are composed of cells). 1855, Rudolf Virchow noted that all cells come from other cells
The cell theory states that:
all living organisms are made of one or more cells.
cells are the basic units of structure and function.
cells come only from pre-existing cells.
A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life

3. All Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals
Types of cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
All Protists, Fungi, Plants and Animals
Bacteria and Archaea

4. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
A) Similarities
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The semi-fluid substance within the cell is called “cytosol”, containing the cell organelles.
All cells contain chromosomes which have genes in the form of DNA.
All cells have tiny organelles called “Ribosomes” that make proteins.

5. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
B) Differences
A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of chromosomes.
In an eukaryotic cell, chromosomes are contained in a true nucleus with nuclear membrane.
In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid without a nuclear membrane separating it from the rest of the cell.
In prokaryotic cell, DNA is a single strand or double strand, but in eukaryotic cell, DNA is double strand.

6. Comparison between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Term
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Size
1-10 µm in diameter
µm in diameter
Cell wall
Existed
In plant cell (not animal cell)
nucleus
No nuclear membrane but Nucleoid
True nucleus exists with nuclear membrane
DNA
As fibre in the nucleoid region (plasmids in some cases)
As Chromatin (DNA and protein)
Specializeorganells
Most of them are absent
All are existed
Cell division
By binary fission
Meiotic and/or Mitotic

7. Types of Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea Prokaryotes Exist in extreme
environments (hot and salty)
Exist in most environments
They are differing in some other structural, biochemical and physiological characteristics

8. The prokaryotic cell is much simpler in structure, lacking a nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed organelles of the eukaryotic cell.

9. Prokaryotic Cell Plasma membrane Cell Wall Capsule Ribosomes Nucleoid
Cytoplasm (Cytosol)

10. Eukaryotes
An eukaryotic cell has internal membranes, which partition the cell into compartments.
These membranes also participate in metabolism as many enzymes are built into membranes.
The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids and diverse proteins.
Each type of membrane has a unique combination of lipids and proteins for its specific functions.
For example, those in the membranes of mitochondria function in cellular respiration.

11. Eukaryotes Animal Cell Plant Cell
Eu: True
Karyon: Nucleus
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Compare between Animal and Plant cell?
What are the functions of cell organelles ?

12. Animal Cell

13. Plant Cell