1. Mirrors and Lenses

2. Objectives
Describe the functions of convex and concave lenses, a prism, and a flat mirror.
Describe how light rays form an image.
Calculate the angles of reflection and refraction for a single light ray.
Draw the ray diagram for a lens and a mirror showing the object and image.
Explain how a fiber-optic circuit acts like a pipe for light.
Describe the difference between a real image and a virtual image and give an example of each.

3. Reflection and Refraction
Key Question:
How do we describe the reflection and refraction of light?

4. Reflection and Refraction
The overall study of how light behaves is called optics.

5. Reflection and Refraction
A lens is an optical device that is used to bend light in a specific way.
A converging or convex lens bends light so that the light rays come together to a point.
A diverging or concave lens bends light so it spreads light apart instead of coming together.

6. Reflection and Refraction
Mirrors reflect light and allow us to see ourselves.
A prism is another optical device that can cause light to change directions.
A prism is a solid piece of glass with flat polished surfaces.

7. Reflection
Images appear in mirrors because of how light is reflected by mirrors.
The incident ray follows the light falling onto the mirror.
The reflected ray follows the light bouncing off the mirror.

8. Reflection
In regular reflection each incident ray bounces off in a single direction.
A surface that is not shiny creates diffuse reflection.
In diffuse reflection, a single ray of light scatters into many directions.

9. Law of Reflection The incident ray strikes the mirror.
The reflected ray bounces off.
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

10. Refraction
Light rays may bend as they cross a boundary from one material to another, like from air to water.
This bending of light rays is known as refraction.
The light rays from the straw are refracted (or bent) when they cross from water back into air before reaching your eyes.

11. Refraction
When a ray of light crosses from one material to another, the amount it bends depends on the difference in index of refraction between the two materials.

13. Prisms
When white light passes through a glass prism, blue is bent more than red.
Colors between blue and red are bent proportional to their position in the spectrum.

14. 17.1 Dispersion and prisms
The variation in refractive index with color is called dispersion.
A rainbow is an example of dispersion in nature.
Tiny rain droplets act as prisms separating the colors in the white light rays from the sun.

15. Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
Key Question:
How does a lens or mirror form an image?

16. Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
We see a world of images created on the retina of the eye by the lens in the front of the eye.

17. Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
Objects are real physical things that give off or reflect light rays.
Images are “pictures” of objects that are formed in space where light rays meet.

18. Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
The most common image we see every day is our own reflection in a mirror.
The image in a mirror is called a virtual image because the light rays do not actually come together.
The virtual image in a flat mirror is created by the eye and brain.

19. Mirrors, Lenses, and Images
Light rays that enter a convex lens parallel to its axis bend to meet at a point called the focal point.
The distance from the center of the lens to the focal point is called the focal length.
The optical axis usually goes through the center of the lens.

20. A converging lens bends an incident light ray parallel to the optical axis toward the focal point.
A diverging lens bends an incident light ray parallel to the axis outward, away from the focal point

21. The image formed by a lens
A lens can form a virtual image just as a mirror does.
Rays from the same point on an object are bent by the lens so that they appear to come from a much larger object.

22. The image formed by a lens
A convex lens can also form a real image.
In a real image, light rays from the object actually come back together.

24. Optical Systems
Key Question:
How are the properties of images determine?

25. Optical Systems
An optical system is a collection of mirrors, lenses, prisms, or other optical elements that performs a useful function with light.
Characteristics of optical systems are:
The location, type, and magnification of the image.
The amount of light that is collected.
The accuracy of the image in terms of sharpness, color, and distortion.
The ability to change the image, like a telephoto lens on a camera.
The ability to record the image on film or electronically.

26. Image relay
A technique known as image relay is used to analyze an optical system made of two or more lenses.

27. Application: The Telescope