1. Introduction to the New Deal

2. What We Will Learn What was the New Deal?
What did Franklin Delano Roosevelt do during the Hundred Days?
Why were Roosevelt’s fireside chats significant?

3. What you will be able to do
Explain what is the New Deal
Summarize the initial steps Roosevelt took to reform banking and finance
Describe New Deal work programs
Identify critics of FDR’s New Deal

4. Review of What Went Before
Early 1900s – Progressive Era
Teddy Roosevelt – Time of Reforms
Roaring 20s – New Ideas, good economic times
Early 1930s – The Great Depression

5. Election of Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected in 1932
Ran against Herbert Hoover
Hoover was unpopular because of Depression
Landslide: Roosevelt, 23 million votes; Hoover, 13 million votes

6. What is the New Deal?
Roosevelt elected in 1932, but did not take office until 1933
During the time between election and taking office, FDR
Carefully picked advisors – professors, lawyers, journalists
Came to be called the “Brain Trust”
Developed set of policies to help problems of the Great Depression.
This was called…

8. FDR was related to Theodore Roosevelt
New Deal echoed his “Square Deal”
Theodore Roosevelt

9. Why should we care about the New Deal?
Some say that that country was in such a bad state, that if not for the New Deal reforms there might have been a revolution or even a fascist take-over, as was occurring in Europe that led to World War II.
The New Deal helped put many back to work, improving the economy and giving people hope.
Set the ground work for how government works today: Increased government control.

10. Some programs still exist and are important to us!
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC) - Protects your money in the bank.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) – Helps keep corporations from committing fraud.
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) – Protects workers rights.
Social Security
Expanded electricity to rural areas
Developed policies to help farmers
Paved the way for conservation programs

11. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
FDR created New Deal, but Eleanor, his wife, also influential…
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
Some “first ladies” (wives of presidents) historically stay in the background. Eleanor, however, was influential in her own way and powerfully influence history.

12. Born into wealthy family in New York state
They came from rich families, but their backgrounds gave them empathy with those less well-off…
Franklin Roosevelt
Eleanor Roosevelt
Born into wealthy family in New York state
State senator, secretary of Navy, governor of New York
Got polio in 1921, paralyzed from waist down
Because of his disability, had greater compassion for people
Interested in progressive causes
Interested in child welfare, housing reform, equal rights for women and civil rights
Active speaker, writer, popular in her own right
Helped influence FDR’s progressive policies

13. The Hundred Days
Period at the start of FDR’s presidency in which he pushed numerous programs through Congress
15 major pieces of New Deal legislation approved by Congress
Expanded government’s role in the economy
Opposite of Hoover who believed in limited role of government

14. Banking & Finance Reform
One reason for Depression was unregulated banking practices
FDR’s first step was to declare a “banking holiday” in which all banks closed
To prevent further withdrawals and “panic”
Banks inspected to determine if “solvent” – could stay in business
Only those “healthy” could stay in business
Restored public confidence in banks

15. Fireside Chats
FDR went on radio to discuss his reforms to the public. Also helped public confidence.

16. FDR’s Fireside Chat

17. An alphabet soup of laws
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Put young men 18 – 25 building roads,parks , etc
By time program ended in 1942, almost 30 million men had been helped
Small pay, but better than unemployment
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Provided money to states to build schools and public buildings
Provided 4 million jobs in
Built 40,000 schools and paid salaries of 50,000 teachers

18. National Recovery Association (NRA)
Established code of fair practice
To stop trend of wage cuts, fall prices, and layoffs
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Furnish loans for houses
Federal Emergency Relief Association (FERA)
Provided direct relief for the needy

19. Opposition!
Roosevelt used deficit spending – spending more money than it received in taxes
Some opposed to this
Some liberals believed that FDR hadn’t done enough to help the poor and reform economic system
Some conservatives believed that this gave government too much power and would lead to socialism (government control of economy)

20. Supreme Court Struck down NIRA as unconstitutional in 1933.
Fear that New Deal would be dismantled.
In 1937 FDR asked Congress to approve appointing 6 new justices
Call “Court packing bill” – controversial and not approved
In 1937, elderly justice retired and Hugo Black , supporter of FDR’s policies appointed
Court started ruling in favor of New Deal programs

21. Hugo S. Black
Supreme Court Justice

22. Other Opposition
Charles Coughlin, Catholic priest, used radio to deliver messages
Huey Long, U.S. senator from Louisana, wanted to become president
Proposed his own welfare program
Promised “something for everyone”

23. Results? New Deal had some impact, but Great Depression continued
FDR looked for further reforms – the “Second New Deal”