1. Tailored Design Method

2. Social Exchange Theory Asking questions is a social exchange that is facilitated when Asking questions is a social exchange that is facilitated when Rewards are perceived as highRewards are perceived as high Costs are perceived as lowCosts are perceived as low Trust is establishedTrust is established

3. Rewards for Responding Show positive regard Show positive regard Thank the respondent Thank the respondent Ask for advice Ask for advice Support group values Support group values Provide incentives Provide incentives Make the questionnaire interesting Make the questionnaire interesting Inform respondents that time to respond is limited Inform respondents that time to respond is limited

4. Reduce Cost of Responding Avoid demanding language Avoid demanding language Avoid using language that respondents will not understand Avoid using language that respondents will not understand Include a stamped return envelope Include a stamped return envelope Make the questionnaire appear short and easy to respond to Make the questionnaire appear short and easy to respond to Do not ask for personal information that is not critical to the design of the study Do not ask for personal information that is not critical to the design of the study

5. Establish Trust Provide a token of appreciation Provide a token of appreciation Secure sponsorship Secure sponsorship Put forth enough effort in constructing the survey to make the task appear important Put forth enough effort in constructing the survey to make the task appear important

6. Designing Survey to Reduce Four Common Errors Sampling Error Sampling Error Coverage Error Coverage Error Measurement Error Measurement Error Non-response Error Non-response Error

7. Research-based Findings Multiple contacts are needed to achieve a high response rate. Multiple contacts are needed to achieve a high response rate. Incentives increase response rates. Incentives increase response rates. Surveys that appear easy to complete yield higher response rates. Surveys that appear easy to complete yield higher response rates.

8. Writing Questions The goal in writing questions is to construct items that respondents will be willing and able to answer. The goal in writing questions is to construct items that respondents will be willing and able to answer.

9. Classification of Item Types Format of the item Format of the item Content of the item Content of the item Topic of the items Topic of the items

10. Format of the Item Open vs. Closed Open vs. Closed Middle position offered vs. omitted Middle position offered vs. omitted Filtered vs. unfiltered Filtered vs. unfiltered Balanced vs. unbalance Balanced vs. unbalance Unbalance with/without substantive counter argument Unbalance with/without substantive counter argument

11. Example Open Questions What should be done to improve the attendance policy in this school? What should be done to improve the attendance policy in this school? What factors explain the increased level of violence in schools? What factors explain the increased level of violence in schools? How many times during the last week did you eat in a restaurant with table service? How many times during the last week did you eat in a restaurant with table service?

12. Closed Questions with Ordered Choices The attendance policy in this school needs to be made more stringent? The attendance policy in this school needs to be made more stringent? Strongly agreeStrongly agree AgreeAgree Neither agree nor disagreeNeither agree nor disagree DisagreeDisagree Strongly disagreeStrongly disagree

13. Closed Question with Ordered Choices In general, how consistently do you think teachers in this building apply the attendance policy? In general, how consistently do you think teachers in this building apply the attendance policy? Not at all consistentlyNot at all consistently Somewhat consistentlySomewhat consistently Very consistentlyVery consistently

14. Closed Question with Ordered Choices How often do you send students to the office because they are late to your class? How often do you send students to the office because they are late to your class? Every dayEvery day Three or four times a weekThree or four times a week One or two times a weekOne or two times a week Two or three times a monthTwo or three times a month About once a monthAbout once a month

15. Closed Questions with Unordered Choices Which of the following actions would improve the attendance policy in our school? Which of the following actions would improve the attendance policy in our school? a. Uniform enforcement of the attendance policy by all teachers in the building b. Strong parental notification policies for tardiness c. Consistent enforcement of the attendance policy by administrators d. More liberal definitions of tardiness e. Stricter punishments for tardiness

16. Partially Closed Question Why do you think the school had a low rate of attendance at the last parent meeting? Why do you think the school had a low rate of attendance at the last parent meeting? The meeting conflicted with some other eventThe meeting conflicted with some other event The meeting was scheduled at a time when many parents were workingThe meeting was scheduled at a time when many parents were working There was no student program at the meetingThere was no student program at the meeting The topic of the meetings was of low interest to parentsThe topic of the meetings was of low interest to parents Parents who work all day are unwilling to attend evening meetingsParents who work all day are unwilling to attend evening meetings Other reason ______________________________Other reason ______________________________

17. Middle Position Omitted Form Omitted Form In your opinion should penalties for using marijuana be more strict or less strict than they are now? In your opinion should penalties for using marijuana be more strict or less strict than they are now? Offered Form Offered Form In your opinion should penalties for using marijuana be more strict, less strict, or about the same as they are now? In your opinion should penalties for using marijuana be more strict, less strict, or about the same as they are now?

18. Filtered Questions Filtered questions provide the respondent with an opportunity to indicate that he/she does not have the information needed to respond. Filtered questions provide the respondent with an opportunity to indicate that he/she does not have the information needed to respond.

19. Example of a Filtered Item Some teachers believe that out-of- school suspension is the only way to control some types of student behavior; other teachers believe in- school-suspension works better while some teachers have not thought about it enough to have formed an opinion. What is your opinion? Some teachers believe that out-of- school suspension is the only way to control some types of student behavior; other teachers believe in- school-suspension works better while some teachers have not thought about it enough to have formed an opinion. What is your opinion?

20. Fully Filtered Item I am going to ask your opinion about punishment for marijuana use. You may not have an opinion and that is fine. Just say I dont have an opinion. I am going to ask your opinion about punishment for marijuana use. You may not have an opinion and that is fine. Just say I dont have an opinion. Do you favor or oppose stricter penalties for marijuana use or have you not formed an opinion about penalties for marijuana use?

21. Examples of Balanced Question Do you favor or do you oppose the State Board of Educations recent decision to increase the number of science credits required for high school graduation? Do you favor or do you oppose the State Board of Educations recent decision to increase the number of science credits required for high school graduation?

22. Example of Unbalanced Item Do you favor the Lawrence School Boards current recommendation to close Riverside School. Do you favor the Lawrence School Boards current recommendation to close Riverside School.

23. Balanced with Counter Argument Some people believe that free and appropriate public education should be interpreted to mean tax dollars can be used to send children to private schools others disagree because they believe private schools foster separatist and elitist attitudes. Do you agree or disagree that free and appropriate public education means tax dollars can be used to send children to private schools? Some people believe that free and appropriate public education should be interpreted to mean tax dollars can be used to send children to private schools others disagree because they believe private schools foster separatist and elitist attitudes. Do you agree or disagree that free and appropriate public education means tax dollars can be used to send children to private schools?

24. Classification of Questions Content Measured Content Measured KnowledgeKnowledge AttitudesAttitudes BehaviorBehavior

25. Nature of the Topic Measured by the Item Socially desirable/undesirable Socially desirable/undesirable Threatening Threatening

26. Socially Desirable Topics Topics are considered socially desirable if respondents believe they will be viewed positively if they respond in a particular way. Topics are considered socially desirable if respondents believe they will be viewed positively if they respond in a particular way. A socially desirable attitude for teachers is I try to meet the needs of all of my students. A socially desirable attitude for teachers is I try to meet the needs of all of my students.

27. Socially Undesirable Topics Attitudes or behaviors individuals do not want acknowledged even though they engage in the behavior or hold the attitude. Attitudes or behaviors individuals do not want acknowledged even though they engage in the behavior or hold the attitude. Attitudes or behaviors individuals do not hold or engage in. They also dont want people to think they do. Attitudes or behaviors individuals do not hold or engage in. They also dont want people to think they do.

28. Threatening Topics Questions are threatening if the respondent thinks there is a right answer and they dont know what it is or they know what it is and dont endorse or practice it. Questions are threatening if the respondent thinks there is a right answer and they dont know what it is or they know what it is and dont endorse or practice it. A threatening item for teachers might be: All students should be taught together in the same classrooms regardless of ability. A threatening item for teachers might be: All students should be taught together in the same classrooms regardless of ability.

29. Social Exchange Theory Asking questions is a social exchange that is facilitated when Asking questions is a social exchange that is facilitated when Rewards are perceived as highRewards are perceived as high Costs are perceived as lowCosts are perceived as low Trust is establishedTrust is established

30. Designing Survey to Reduce Four Common Errors Sampling Error Sampling Error Coverage Error Coverage Error Measurement Error Measurement Error Non-response Error Non-response Error

31. Research-based Findings Multiple contacts are needed to achieve a high response rate. Multiple contacts are needed to achieve a high response rate. Incentives increase response rates. Incentives increase response rates. Surveys that appear easy to complete yield higher response rates. Surveys that appear easy to complete yield higher response rates.