1. The Passive

2. The Passive Be + Past Participle The verb should be transitive.
To form the passive, add the various tenses of the auxiliary (be) to the main verb in the past participle. The participle remains the same.
Be + Past Participle
The verb should be transitive.

3. The passive Forms of Modals & Phrasal Modals
Active
Passive
Present & Future
Modal + the simple form of the verb
She can do this.
Modal+ be+ past participle
This can be done by her.
Past
Modal + have + past participle
She should have sent the letter last week.
Modal+ have been+ past participle
The letter should have been sent last week.

4. Non-Progressive Passive
Be + Past participle
When the passive form is used to describe an existing situation or state. i.e. to function as an adjective

5. The Passive with Get
Get may be followed by certain adjectives or a past participle that functions as an adjective.

6. Participial Adjectives
Present Participle (Active Meaning)
Past Participle (Passive Meaning)
It is a confusing problem.
They are confused students.
(the problem confuses the student)
(the students are confused by the problem)
Ahmad is boring.
Ahmad is bored.
(he causes others to be bored)
(others cause him to get bored)