1. Critical Sections: Re-emerging Concerns for DBMS Ryan JohnsonIppokratis Pandis Anastasia Ailamaki Carnegie Mellon University École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne

2. © 2008 Ryan Johnson A Convergence of Trends OLTP fits in memory [stonebraker07] –256GB RAM = 80M TPC-C customers –Amazon.com had 30M customers in 2005 Multi-core computing –Dozens of HW contexts per chip today –Expect 2x more cores each generation Scalability concerns replace I/O bottleneck

3. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Potential Scalability Bottlenecks Hardware DBMS Applications ??

4. © 2008 Ryan Johnson DBMS Scalability Comparison Current engines face internal scalability challenges Sun T2000 32 HW threads Insert-only microbenchmark Lower is better

5. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Contributions Evaluate common synchronization approaches, identify most useful ones Highlight performance impact of tuning database engines for scalability

6. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Outline Introduction Scalability and Critical Sections Synchronization Techniques Shore-MT Conclusion

7. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Sources of Serialization Concurrency control –Serialize conflicting logical transactions –Enforce consistency and isolation Latching –Serialize physical page updates –Protect page integrity Critical sections (semaphores) –Serialize internal data structure updates –Protect data structure integrity Critical sections largely overlooked

8. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Critical Sections in DBMS Fine-grained parallelism vital to scalability Transactions require tight synchronization –Many short critical sections –Most uncontended, some heavily contended TPC-C Payment –Accesses 4-6 records –Enters ~100 critical sections in Shore Cannot ignore critical section performance

9. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Example: Index Probe Time Locks Latches Critical Sections Many short critical sections per operation

10. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Outline Introduction Scalability and Critical Sections Synchronization Techniques Shore-MT Conclusion

11. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Related Work Concurrency control –Locking [got92] –BTrees [moh90] –Often assumes single hardware context Latching –Solved problem [agr87] –Table-based latching [got92] Synchronization Techniques

12. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Lock-based Synchronization Blocking Mutex Simple to use Overhead, unscalable Test and set Spinlock Efficient Unscalable Queue-based spinlock Scalable Mem. management Reader-writer lock Concurrent readers Overhead

13. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Lock-free Synchronization Optimistic Concurrency Control (OCC) No read overhead Writes cause livelock Atomic Updates Efficient Limited applicability Lock-free Algorithms Scalable Special-purpose algs Hardware Approaches (e.g. transactional memory) Efficient, scalable Not widely available

14. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Experimental Setup Hardware –Sun T2000 Niagara server –8 cores, 4 threads each (32 total) Microbenchmark: while(!timout_flag) delay_ns(t_out); acquire(); delay_ns(t_in); release();

15. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Critical Section Overhead DBMS Critical Sections t_out = t_in 16 threads Critical sections are 60-90% overhead

16. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Scalability Under Contention TATAS or MCS best depending on contention t_out = t_in = 0ns

17. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Reader-writer Performance Reader-writer locks too expensive to be useful t_out = t_in = 100ns 16 threads DBMS spans gamut

18. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Selecting a Primitive Read-mostly Long Contended Uncontended Mutex Short OCC MCS TAS Lock-free A handful of primitives covers most cases

19. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Outline Introduction Scalability and Critical Sections Synchronization Techniques Shore-MT Conclusion

20. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Alleviating Contention Modify algorithms –Shrink/distribute/eliminate critical sections –Fundamental scalability improvements Tune existing critical sections –Reduce overheads –Straightforward and localized changes Both approaches vital for scalability

21. © 2008 Ryan Johnson From Shore to Shore-MT Tuning and algorithmic changes at each step 1 10 100 08162432 Concurrent Threads Throughput (tps) baseline dist-bpool tune-locks malloc log2 lockm bpool2 final ideal 3 30 300

22. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Conclusions Only a few types of primitives useful Algorithms and tuning both essential to performance/scalability Open issues –Developing ever-finer grained algorithms –Reduce synchronization overhead –Improve usability of reader-writer locks –Efficient lock-free algorithms Plenty of room for improvements by future research

23. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Bibliography [agr87] R. Agrawal, M. Carey, and M. Livoy. Concurrency Control Performance Modeling: Alternatives and Implications. In ACM ToDS, 12(4):609- 654, 1987. [car94] M. Carey, et al. Shoring up persistent applications. SIGMOD Record 23(2):383-394, 1994. [got92] V. Gottemukkala and T. Lehman, Locking and Latching in a Memory-Resident Database System. In proc. VLDB92. [moh90] C. Mohan, Commit-LSN: A novel and simple method for reducing locking and latching in transaction processing system. In proc. VLDB90.

24. © 2008 Ryan Johnson Thank You!