1. EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION
EXCRETION
EXCRETORY PRODUCTS
EXCRETORY ORGANS

2. EXCRETION
The process of elimination of waste materials from the body is called excretion.
Excretion helps to keep a constant internal environment in the body

3. EXCRETORY ORGANS
The organs concerned with excretion are called excretory organs.

4. NITROGENOUS WASTES
Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by the animals.

5. NITROGENOUS WASTES
Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires large amount of water for its elimination,
Uric acid is the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum loss of water.

6. AMMONOTELISM The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism.
Many bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects are ammonotelic in nature.

7. AMMONOTELISM
Ammonia, as it is readily soluble, is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through gill surfaces (in fish) as ammonium ions.

8. UREOTELISM
Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes mainly excrete urea and are called ureotelic animals.

9. UREOTELISM
Ammonia produced by metabolism is converted into urea in the liver of ureotelic animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by the kidneys.

10. URICOTELISM
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water and are called uricotelic animals.

11. NITROGEN EXCRETION 1 Ammonotelism The process of excreting ammonia
Many bony fishes,
aquatic amphibians and aquatic insects 2
Ureotelism
The process of excreting urea
Mammals, many terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes 3
Excretion of nitrogenous wastes as uric
acid in the form of pellet or paste with a minimum loss of water
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects

12. NITROGEN EXCRETION

13. NITROGEN EXCRETION

14. EXCRETORY STRUCTURES
Protonephridia or flame cells are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus.
Protonephridia are primarily concerned with ionic and fluid volume regulation, i.e., osmoregulation

15. EXCRETORY STRUCTURES
Nephridia are the tubular excretory structures of earthworms and other annelids.
Nephridia help to remove nitrogenous wastes and maintain a fluid and ionic balance.

16. EXCRETORY STRUCTURES
Malpighian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the insects (Eg: cockroaches)
Malpighian tubules help in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and osmoregulation.

17. EXCRETORY STRUCTURES
Antennal glands or green glands perform the excretory function in crustaceans like prawns.

18. EXCRETORY STRUCTURES
KIDNEY

19. EXCRETORY ORGANS Protonephridia or flame cells Nephridia
ANIMAL GROUP 1
Protonephridia or flame cells
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms, e.g., Planaria), rotifers, some annelids and the cephalochordate – Amphioxus. 2
Nephridia
earthworms and other annelids. 3
Malpighian tubules
Most of the insects (Eg: cockroaches) 4
Antennal glands or green glands
Crustaceans like Prawns. 5
kidney
Fishes / Amphibians / Reptiles / Birds / Mammals